INTRODUCTION

TO MANAGEMENT
BY:

MAHWISH TARIQ

SENIOR INSTRUCTOR MANAGEMENT, WASC.

MANAGEMENT: SCIENCE OR ART?
• Science: Has an organized body of knowledge
which contains certain universal truth.
• Art: Managing requires certain skills which are
personal possessions of managers.

“Management is both art and science”

WHAT IS MANAGEMENT??
ORGANIZATION

• Organization is a system which operates through

human activity.
• Organizations are very complex social
formations, and have a defined structure.
 RESOURCES:

• Organizational assets and include:

• Human resources
• Financial resources
• Physical resources
• Information resources.

• Managers – Manage resources to meet its goals

WHO ARE MANAGERS?
• a person responsible for:
• supervising
• motivating
• directing
‘’the employees to the progress of an
organization.’’
“Managers – Manage resources to meet its
goals”
 IMPORTANCE OF MANAGEMENT:

• Helps in achieving the Organizational Goals

• It ensures the coordination of individual efforts.

• Directs group efforts towards achievement of

pre-determined goals.
FACTORS OF MANAGEMENT

• Productivity

• Effectiveness

• Efficiency
Productivity: Output-Input ratio within a time
period with due consideration for quality.
Effectiveness: It is the achievement of objectives.
Efficiency: It is the achievement of the ends with
the least amount of resources.
 DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF
FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT:

• According to George & Jerry, “There are four

fundamental functions of management i.e.
planning, organizing, actuating and controlling”

• According to Henry Fayol, “To manage is to

forecast and plan, to organize, to command, & to
control”.
 DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF
FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT:
• Luther Gullick has given a keyword
’POSDCORB’ where P stands for Planning, O for
Organizing, S for Staffing, D for Directing, Co for
Co-ordination, R for reporting & B for Budgeting.

• Widely accepted are functions of management

given by KOONTZ and O’DONNEL i.e.
Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing and
Controlling.
 FUNCTIONS OF
MANAGEMENT:
1) Planning
2) Organizing
3) Staffing
4) Leading
5) Controlling
 1. PLANNING

• First managerial function

• Concerned with deciding in advance what is to be
done, when, where, how and by whom it is to be
done.
• Pre-determined course of action to achieve a
specified aim or goal.

E.g: setting goals, developing strategies, and

outlining tasks, scheduling.
STEPS IN PLANNING
 2. ORGANIZING

• Assignment of tasks
• Grouping of tasks into departments
• Assignment of authority with adequate
responsibility
• Allocation of resources across the
organization to achieve common goals
• Relationship b/w people, work & resources
used to achieve the common objectives.
 TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONS:

• Formal:
Serves a specific purpose or meet set goals.

• Informal:
Serve the needs of individuals and can be created
spontaneously with a purpose that is not well-defined.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
ORGANIZING:
• Common purpose
• Coordinated effort
• Division of labor
• Hierarchy of authority.
PURPOSE OF ORGANIZING:

• Create a clear environment so that every one

knows as who is to do what.
• To remove obstacles to performance caused
by confusion.
• To create an environment to achieve the
efficiency of people.
 3. STAFFING

• The process of finding the right worker with

appropriate qualifications or experience and
recruiting them to fill a job position or role.

• The term ‘Staffing’ relates to the recruitment,

selection, development, training and compensation
of the managerial personnel.
 ELEMENTS OF STAFFING:

• Manpower planning
• Job analysis
• Recruitment and selection
• Placement and promotion
• Training and development
• Performance appraisal
 IMPORTANCE OF
STAFFING:
• Essential for the survival and growth of the
organization
• Ensures efficient performance of all other
management functions.
• Proper usage of resources by competent
employees.
 4. LEADING

• Motivating employees and influencing their

behavior to achieve organizational objectives.

• Leading focuses on managing people, such as

individual employees, teams and groups rather than
tasks.
 MANAGER’S ROLE IN LEADING:

• The manager’s role in an organization is to

motivate, direct, sustain and monitor employee
activities to meet the goals of the business.
 IMPORTANT FACTORS IN LEADING:

• Leadership
• Motivation
• Communication
 LEADERSHIP:

Process of social influence, which maximizes the efforts of

others, willingly and enthusiastically towards the
achievement of a goal.
 LEADERSHIP STYLES:

• Autocratic or authoritative
• Democratic or Participative
• Free - Rein (Laissez-Faire)
 MOTIVATION:

• The process of stimulating people to actions to

accomplish the goals.
 HOW TO MOTIVATE?

• Develop employee reward programs

• Create a motivating environment for workers
• Managers can motivate workers by providing
praise and feedback.
• Be transparent ALWAYS…!
CONTD…
• Job enlargement:
Adding additional activities within the same level to an existing role.
This means that a person will do more, different activities in their
current job

• Job enrichment:
A method of motivating employees where a job is designed to have
interesting and challenging tasks which can require more skill and can
increase pay.
 COMMUNICATION:

The transfer of information from the sender to the receiver,

with the information being understood by the receiver.
What is
 5. CONTROLLING

• “It is the process of comparing the actual

performance with the standards set by the
organization to make sure that activities are
performed accordingly.”
 MANAGER’S ROLE:

• Managers of an organization set performance standards.

• Monitor performance in light of the standards.
• Take necessary corrective action.
THE BASIC CONTROL PROCESS:

1. Establish Standards
2. Measure performance
3. Compare performance against standards
4. Determine the need for corrections
a)Maintain status quo
b)Correct the deviation
c)Change standards
PURPOSE OF CONTROL
 PURPOSES OF
CONTROLLING:
• Detects Errors and Irregularities.
• Awareness of Opportunities.
• Increases Productivity.
• Monitor Performance.
• Helps Deal with Changes and Uncertainties.
• It facilitates coordination
• It helps in planning
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
CONTROLLING:

• It is an end function
• Forward looking
• A dynamic process
• Is related with planning
 MANAGEMENT LEVELS:

• Organizations often have 3 levels of managers:

First-line Managers
Middle Managers
Top/Executive Managers
 ROLES OF MANAGERS:

• A role is a set of specific tasks performed because

of the position held.
• There are 3 broad role categories:

1. Interpersonal
2. Informational
3. Decisional
INTERPERSONAL ROLES:

• Coordinate and interact with employees

• Provide direction to the organization

 Figurehead role
 Leader role
 Liaison role
INFORMATIONAL ROLES:

• Transmit information for management

Monitor role
Disseminator role
Spokesperson role
DECISIONAL ROLES:

• Methods use to plan strategy and utilize resources to achieve goals.

Entrepreneur role
Disturbance handler role
Resource allocator role
Negotiator role
MANAGERIAL SKILLS:
THANK YOU