POWER SYSTEM STABILITY.

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 INTRODUCTION OF STATIC AND DYNAMICS
STABILITY
• STABILITY OF A PHYSICAL SYSTEM is referred as its capability to return to the original equilibrium position on
occurrence of a disturbance or to another equilibrium position which is generally in the proximity of the initial
equilibrium point. Meaning that when physical variables go on increasing as time increases to infinity then the system
is unstable.

EXAMPLES OF POWER SYSTEMS.

generation (power grids), transmission and distribution

• WHEN IS A POWER SYSTEM STABLE AND UNSTABLE?

• during disturbances such as switching and faults or when demand becomes higher or lower than the generated power,
the system becomes unstable momentarily before it is corrected.
• the disturbance may be big or small and the system may become unstable in either event depending on the operation
condition.
 INTRODUCTION OF STATIC AND DYNAMICS
STABILITY
• The study of stability in presence of small disturbances constitutes static stability and dynamic stability. the study of stability in
presence of large disturbances constitutes transient stability.

• STATIC / STEADY STATE STABILITY:

 ability to regain normal and stable operation after being subjected to gradual or slow change in load.

 load is assumed to be applied at a slow rate.

 system is analyzed by set of linear equation.

 action of voltage regulators and turbine governors are not included

 INTRODUCTION OF STATIC AND DYNAMICS
STABILITY
• DYNAMIC STABILITY:

 same as steady state stability

 included action of turbine governors and voltage regulators

 studied time is 4 to 10 seconds

• TRANSIENT STABILITY

 ability to regain normal and stable operation after being subjected to sudden and large changes in the load.

 action of voltage regulator and turbine governors are not included.

 studied on the basis of swing.

 INTRODUCTION OF STATIC AND DYNAMICS
STABILITY
VARIABLES THAT ARE CONSIDERED FOR STABILITY

 Rotor angle, Frequency and Voltage.

• ROTOR ANGLE STABILITY

• ability of interconnected synchronous machines to remain in synchronism after being subjected to a disturbance.

• depends on the ability to restore equilibrium between electromagnetic torque and mechanical torque of each synchronous
generators.

• output power of synchronous machines vary as their rotor angle swing.

• system is instable by increasing angular swings of some generators leading to loss of synchronism with other generators
 INTRODUCTION OF STATIC AND DYNAMICS
STABILITY
• FREQUENCY STABILITY

• frequency stability is an ability to return stable or normal operation at rated frequency after being subjected to imbalance
between generation or load.

• instability occurs due to sustained frequency swings leading to tripping of generating units or loads.

• in a small system, frequency stability could be of concern for any disturbance causing a significant loss of load or
generation

• frequency stability problem are associated with equipment responses, poor coordination of control and protection systems
 INTRODUCTION OF STATIC AND DYNAMICS
STABILITY
• VOLTAGE STABILITY

• ability of power system to maintain steady state voltages at all buses in the system after being subjected to a disturbance.

• voltage instability due to a disturbance such as, increase in load demand, change in system condition causes progressive
uncontrollable fall or rise in voltage of buses.

• voltage instability is improved by using tap changing transformers, booster transformer, series and shunt capacitor,
synchronous phase modifiers
 INTRODUCTION OF STATIC AND DYNAMICS
STABILITY
• MORE EXPLANATION ON STABILITY AND INSTABILITY

• The terms stability, maintenance of synchronism and power limit will be frequently used. A system consisting of synchronous
generator, line and induction motor will not lose synchronism but may become unstable. A system consisting of synchronous
generator, a line and a resistor has a definite power limit without having a stability limit.

• Every power system has a number of synchronous machines operating in parallel. When applied to electrical power system, the
term stability denotes a condition in which the various synchronous machines remain in synchronism or in step with each other.
Conversely instability, denotes a condition involving loss of synchronism or falling out of step. Thus, power system stability is
concerned with the conditions necessary for the successful operation of a power system when changing from one stable condition
to another due to variations in its operating conditions which can be classified as either small and slow or large and sudden, where
slow means a long-time action compared with the time constants of the field circuits of the machines, of automatic voltage
regulators and of the turbine governors.

• The stability limit is defined as the maximum power which can flow through a point in the system without causing loss of
stability.

• steady stability limit: is the maximum possible flow of power without loss of stability when the power is changed very slowly.

• transient stability limit: refers to the maximum possible flow of power without loss of stability when a large sudden disturbance
 POWER ANGLE CURVE, TRANSFER REACTANCE
• POWER ANGLE: for a generator, the power angle is the difference between the generator induced voltage and the generator terminal
voltage.
• POWER ANGLE CURVE: of synchronous machine is the graphical representation of electrical output with respect to the power angle. as
we know, power angle is also known as load angle, therefore it can be said that this curve is graphical representation of electrical output of
generator with respect to load angle.
• GENERATOR LOADED AT ITS TERMINAL:

• Synchronous machine having a direct axis synchronous reactance X d.

• Fig a

• A synchronous machine loaded at its terminal

• E = |E|< voltage behind direct axis synchronous reactance of generator

• V = terminal voltage of generator.

• the complex power output of generator is S=VI*

 POWER ANGLE CURVE, TRANSFER REACTANCE
• …. EQ 1.1A

 ……. EQ 1.1B

 ……. EQ 1.1C

• The real power output pe of the generator is

 ….. EQ 1.2

• WHERE

• Thus, the real power output depend on |E|,|V|,XD and power angle .
 POWER ANGLE CURVE, TRANSFER REACTANCE
• The reactive power output Q is …… EQ 1.3

• If line to line value of E and V are used in above equations, we directly get 3-phase power. Fig. b below shows the steady
state real power variation with power angle for both generator and motor action for constant values of E, V and X d. this curve
is known as power angle curve. the condition of positive values of , i.e., E leading V, applies to the generator action and the
condition of negative value of d, i.e., E lagging V applies to the motor action

• Fig b
 POWER ANGLE CURVE, TRANSFER REACTANCE

• ASSUME THAT THE GENERATOR IS WORKING UNDER STEADY STATE CONDITIONS AND THE POWER
ANGLE IS INCREASES BY A SMALL AMOUNT
• ….. EQ 1.4A
• WHERE ….. EQ 1.4B

• The quantity Pr is known as synchronizing power coefficient. so long as P r > 0, i.e., 0≤ ≤90 an increase in power angle
will result in an increase in power output. this power must be taken kinetically from the rotor (since the
generator input has not been increased) and the generator slows down. thus, the generator is stable, i.e., it
resists any tendency for to change from the value corresponding to the steady state condition. this is not true
if ≥90. the maximum value of for successful operation is 90 and the maximum steady state power output
equals . in actual practice is kept around 30.
 POWER ANGLE CURVE, TRANSFER REACTANCE
• GENERATOR CONNECTED TO INFINITE BUS.

• figure below shows a synchronous machine connected to an infinite bus through a transmission line of reactance x t.

• Fig c

• an infinite bus is one whose voltage and frequency are unaffected by a disturbance in the machine under consideration. thus,
an infinite bus has a constant voltage and frequency and has zero internal reactance. let v = |v| < 0 be the voltage of the
infinite bus. the complex power delivered by the generator to the system is

• ……. EQ 1.5A

• ……… EQ 1.5B
 POWER ANGLE CURVE, TRANSFER REACTANCE
• ……… EQ 1.5C

• where x = xd + xt

• the real power delivered to the system is

• ….. EQ 1.6

• eqns. (1.5) and (1.6) are of the same form as eqs. (1.1) and (1.2) except that reactance x has replaced the reactance X d. the

maximum steady state power transfer pm occurs when =90 and equals the variation of pe with is also similar to fig b.

• The total reactance x which directly connects the two emf sources is known as transfer reactance and has an important effect
on power angle curve. The maximum power limit is inversely proportional to the transfer reactance.

• eqns. (1.2) and (1.6) are valid for steady state as well as transient conditions. For steady state conditions we use synchronous
reactance Xd and E is taken as the emf behind synchronous reactance. for transient conditions the transient reactance X d is
used and E is taken as the emf behind transient reactance.
 POWER ANGLE CURVE, TRANSFER REACTANCE
• POWER TRANSFER THROUGH IMPENDANCE

• In all electrical machines and transmission lines, the resistance is negligible as compared to inductive reactance. However, it is
intrusive to study the power transfer through an impedance Z

• ….. 1.7

• …. 1.8

• ….. 1.9

• LET = (90 – ) = THEN

• …. 1.10

• Pe is maximum when ( + ) = Π/2, therefore

• .. 1.11

• if

• … 1.12

• For maximum power transfer

.. 1.13

• In actual practice r is very small as compared to x and, therefore the practical application of eq. (1.13) is limited.

• Equation (1.12) shows that if x = 0, power transferred is zero. thus, a finite value of reactance is necessary for transfer of power. power
transfer over a purely resistive line is zero. if r =0, =0 and the above results become identical with the results derived in sections 13.2.1
and 13.2.2.

• Example

• A generator having xd = 0,7 pu delivers rated load at a power factor of 0.8 lagging.

(a) Find Pe, Qe, E and . draw phasor diagram.

(b) The steam valve of the prime mover is opened further so that Pe increases by 20%. Find new values of Pe, Qe, E and . draw phasor
diagram.

• The steam valve is restored to the original position. The exciter is adjusted to raise E by 20%. Find new value of P e, Qe, E and . draw
• Solution:

(a) Let the subscript 0 denote initial condition and subscripts 1 and 2 denote new conditions.

• Thus,

• PHASOR DIAGRAM
(b) pe1 = 1.2 x 0.8 = 0.96 (i.E., 20% increase)

• E1 = 1.53(no change)

• Phasor diagram
• (c) pe2 = 0.8

• E2 = 1.2(1.53) = 1.84 (20% increase)

• PHASOR DIAGRAM