COMPUTER HARDWARE

ND 1
ASSIGNMENT & PRESENTATION
TEST
GROUP F
BY
SAM DOE BANGURA 21095
IBRAHIM SORIE KAMARA 21370
 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
HARDWARE
• Hardware refers to the external and internal devices and equipment that enable you to perform major
functions such as input, output, storage, communication, processing, and more. There are two types of
computer hardware: external and internal. External hardware devices include monitors, keyboards,
printers, and scanners, whereas internal hardware devices include motherboards, hard drives, and
RAM. So

• IT outages happen often due to hardware failure. Factors such as fan failures, high server temperatures,
CPU load, and high and low voltage can affect server performance. Server overheating and overload
issues can cause damage to the device and lead to downtime. Sometimes, there can be several reasons
for a particular issue. For instance, temperature increases can occur due to code errors or a hardware
malfunction that can impact system performance. Identifying such issues can be challenging.

• Computer hardware monitoring is important as it helps provide crucial insights into

server hardware health and performance. It can help reduce system outages by identifying the root
cause of the potential issues to keep your system hardware running smoothly.
 1. WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
• A computer is an electronic device
that manipulates information, or
data. It has the ability to store,
retrieve, and process data. You
may already know that you can use
a computer to type documents,
send email, play games, and
browse the Web.
 COMPUTER IS A PROGRAMMABLE
MACHINE. IT THE INTEGRAL PART OF
EVERYDAY LIFE.
• Like listening to music on
the computer, making
money online, using
internet banking, using
social networking sites,
running an online business,
taking online classes, etc.
 WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS
OF A COMPUTER?
• The 4 Functions of a Computer
• Data input.
• Data processing.
• Information output.
• Data and information storage.
 HOW A MINICOMPUTER DIFFERENT FROM
A MAINFRAME?
• Minicomputers are mainly used for
administrative tasks, word processing, process
control, etc.
• Mainframe computers have large memory
storage. While minicomputers have small or
less memory storage than mainframe
computer. 3. The processing speed of
mainframe computer is faster than
minicomputer.
 WHAT IS SUPER COMPUTER?
• A supercomputer is a computer with a
high level of performance as compared to
a general-purpose computer. Performance
of a supercomputer is measured in
floating-point operations per second
(FLOPS) instead of million instructions
per second (MIPS)
• Also supercomputer is a computer that
performs at or near the highest
operational rate for computers.
Traditionally, supercomputers have been
used for scientific and engineering
applications that must handle massive
databases, do a great amount of
 DIFFERENTIATE INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICE?
• The functioning of a computer system is based on the combined usage of both input
and output devices. Using an input device we can give instructions to the computer to
perform an action and the device reverts to our action through an output device.

• This topic is not just important to have a basic awareness of how a computer device
works but is also equally important for competitive edge against others. This is because
Computer Knowledge should be part of our daily life.

• In this article, we shall discuss the various input and output devices which can be
connected to a computer, along with their functions.

• Let us first discuss the exact definition of an input and output device:

• An Input Device : Is a piece of equipment/hardware which helps us enter data into a

computer. For example keyboard, mouse, Scanner, Microphone. etc.

• An Output Device : Is a piece of equipment/hardware which gives out the result of the
entered input, once it is processed (i.e. converts data from machine language to a
human-understandable language). For example a printer, monitor, speakers, Projector.
etc.
 WHAT IS A STORAGE DEVICE? WHAT IS
THE COMMON CLASSIFICATION?
• A storage device is a piece of
hardware that holds the storage
medium, sends data to the medium,
and retrieves data from the medium.
• There are two storage devices used
in computers; a primary storage
device such as computer RAM and a
secondary storage device such as a
computer HARD DISK drive.
 WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY A PROCESSING
DEVICE? WHAT ARE THE VARIOUS TYPES
OF PROCESSING DEVICES?
• Processing devices are the components
responsible for the processing of
information within the computer system.
This includes devices such as the CPU,
memory and motherboard.
• The various Types of Processing
Devices of Computer are ; GPU;
Microprocessors; Sound Card ; Video
Card; CPU; Clock ; Chipset;
Motherboard; Data Bus.
 DIFFERENTIATES SERIAL AND PARALLEL
PORT?
• The most significant difference
between serial ports and parallel
ports is that a serial port
transmits one data bit at a time,
whereas a parallel port transmits
multiple data bits at a time. Due
to this, the speed of data
transmission through a parallel
port is higher than that of a serial
port.
 WHAT IS AN INTERFACE?
• An interface is a shared boundary across
which two or more separate components of
a computer system exchange information.
The exchange can be between software,
computer hardware, peripheral devices,
humans, and combinations of these.
• In​ter​face: is the place at which independent
and often unrelated systems meet and act on
or communicate with each other.
 WHAT IS A MICROPROCESSOR?
• The microprocessor is the central unit
of a computer system that performs
arithmetic and logic operations, which
generally include adding, subtracting,
transferring numbers from one area to
another, and comparing two numbers.
It's often known simply as a
processor, a central processing unit, or
as a logic chip.
 WHAT ARE THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE
SPEED OF THE MICROPROCESSOR?
• Instruction Set. This is the processor's built-in code that tells it how to
execute its duties.
• Clock Speed. measures the number of cycles your CPU executes per
second, measured in GHz (gigahertz).
• Bandwidth. The maximum amount of data transmitted over an internet
connection in a given amount of time.
• Front Side Bus (FSB) Speed. The FSB can range from speeds of 66 MHz,
133 MHz, 100 MHz, and up. The FSB is now another important
consideration when looking at purchasing a computer motherboard or a
new computer
• On-Board Cache. Cache memory is a very fast type of memory designed
to increase the speed of processor operations.
• Heat and Heat Dissipation. Heat dissipation is a type of heat transfer.
Heat dissipation occurs when an object that is hotter than other objects is
placed in an environment where the heat of the hotter object is transferred
DRAW THE HIERARCHICAL
CLASSIFICATION OF THE COMPUTER.
 WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
MULTITASKING AND MULTIPROCESSING?
• The execution of more than
one task simultaneously is
known as multitasking.
• The availability of more than
one processor per system.
That can execute several set
of instructions in parallel is
known as multiprocessing.
 WHAT IS PACKAGING A MICROPROCESSOR?
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT PACKAGING
AVAILABLE?
• Packaging is the process of connecting a microprocessor with a computers motherboard. Packaging for a
microprocessor is the system of contact points to connect the microprocessor to the real world and an
encapsulation. The types of microprocessor packaging
• In electronics, through-hole technology (also spelled "thru-hole") is a manufacturing scheme in which leads on the
components are inserted through holes drilled in printed circuit boards (PCB) and soldered to pads on the opposite side,
either by manual assembly (hand placement) or by the use of automated insertion mount machines
• Surface-mount technology (SMT), originally called planar mounting, [1] is a method in which the electrical components are
mounted directly onto the surface of a printed circuit board (PCB). An electrical component mounted in this manner is
referred to as a surface-mount device (SMD).
• In electronics, a chip carrier is one of several kinds of surface-mount technology packages for integrated circuits
(commonly called "chips"). Connections are made on all four edges of a square package; compared to the internal cavity
for mounting the integrated circuit, the package overall size is large.

• A pin grid array (PGA) is a type of integrated circuit packaging. In a PGA, the package is square or
rectangular, and the pins are arranged in a regular array on the underside of the package. The pins are
commonly spaced 2.54 mm (0.1") apart, [1] and May or may not cover the entire underside of the package.
• mounted on printed circuit boards using the through hole method or inserted into a socket.
PGAs allow for more pins per integrated circuit than older packages, such as
dual in-line package (DIP).
• A quad flat package (QFP) is a surface-mounted integrated circuit package with "gull wing"
leads extending from each of the four sides. Socketing such packages is rare and through-
hole mounting is not possible.
 WHAT IS HYPER THREADING? WHAT IS
THE USE OF IT?
• Hyper-threading is a process by which a CPU divides up its physical cores into virtual cores that are treated as if they are
actually physical cores by the operating system. These virtual cores are also called threads [1]. Most of Intel’s CPUs with 2
cores use this process to create 4 threads or 4 virtual cores.
• To understand hyper-threading, you first must understand how your processor works. Your CPU is also known as the
control center of your computer. It contains two important components: the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit
(ALU). The control unit uses electrical signals to direct the entire computer system to execute instructions sent to it. You
can imagine the control unit as a police officer directing traffic.
• The control unit doesn’t actually carry out instructions, instead, it decodes them and delegates these instructions to other
parts of your computer system. The arithmetic/logic unit is what carries out all of the arithmetic and logical actions
• While this might seem like a complex procedure, all of these actions take place in fractions of a second. The faster your
CPU can process instructions, the faster your computer can complete tasks. It’s worth noting that if your CPU isn’t very
high-powered, these tasks can end up bottlenecked, which leads to slow-down and lag.
• This is where hyper-threading comes in.
• Hyper-threading works by allowing each core in your CPU to do two actions at the same time. In turn, you get better
processor performance since it’s improving the CPU’s efficiency. This way you can use more demanding apps or games at
the same time.
 WHAT IS INTEL ATOM PROCESSOR?
• Intel Atom is the brand name for a
line of IA-32 and x86-64 instruction
set ultra-low-voltage processors by
Intel Corporation designed to reduce
electric consumption and power
dissipation in comparison with
ordinary processors of the Intel Core
series.
 WHAT IS NEHALEM ARCHITECTURE?
• Is the codename for Intel's 45 nm
microarchitecture released in November 2008. It
was used in the first-generation of the Intel Core i5
and i7 processors, and succeeds the older
Core microarchitecture used on Core 2 processors
. The term "Nehalem" comes from the
Nehalem River.
• Nehalem is built on the 45 nm process, is able to
run at higher clock speeds, and is more energy-
efficient than Penryn microprocessors.
 WHICH IS A HEAVY-DUTY
MICROPROCESSOR OF INTEL?
• Xeon (DP) and Xeon MP (32-bit)
• Is a brand of x86 microprocessors designed, manufactured, and marketed by Intel, targeted
at the non-consumer workstation, server, and embedded system markets. It was introduced
in June 1998. Xeon processors are based on the same architecture as regular desktop-grade
CPUs, but have advanced features such as support for ECC memory, higher core counts,
more PCI Express lanes, support for larger amounts of RAM, larger cache memory and
extra provision for enterprise-grade reliability, availability and serviceability (RAS)
features responsible for handling hardware exceptions through the
Machine Check Architecture. They are often capable of safely continuing execution where
a normal processor cannot due to these extra RAS features, depending on the type and
severity of the machine-check exception (MCE). Some also support multi-socket systems
with two, four, or eight sockets through use of the Ultra Path Interconnect (UPI) bus.
 WHICH IS THE PROCESSOR SUITABLE
FROM INTEL FAMILY OF PROCESSORS FOR
SERVER AND WORKSTATION?
• Intel Xeon processor is arguably one of the
best CPUs in the market for workstations or
server computers
• But if you're looking for the best server
processors of 2022, then you should consider
the Intel Core i9-10900K and the AMD Ryzen
9 3900X. These are two of the most powerful
processors on the market, and they'll both be
able to handle any task you throw at them.
 WHAT IS THE FULL NAME OF AMD?
• Advanced Micro
Devices (AMD) is a
semiconductor company,
known for designing and
developing computer
processors and graphics
technologies. Founded in
1969.
 WHAT ARE THE LATEST PROCESSOR OF
INTEL AND AMD?
• The latest models are AMD's Ryzen
7000 and Intel's 13th-generation
Raptor Lake. These processors offer up
to 24 cores, clock speeds that are
approaching 6GHz, and more cache
than even the fastest CPUs of previous
generations could dream of.
 WRITE SOCKET LGA 775 IS APT FOR
WHICH TYPE OF INTEL PROCESSORS?
• The top of the line for the LGA775 series
CPU socket was the Core 2 processor
series, with the Core 2 Duo E8600, Core 2
Extreme QX9770 and Core 2 Quad Q9650
being the three top performers. It is used
by the Core 2 Duo/Quad processors, the
most recent versions of the Intel Pentium 4
Prescott processor and the Pentium D and
Pentium Extreme Edition processors.
 WHICH TYPE OF SOCKET IS NEEDED TO
CONNECT A DUAL CORE PROCESSOR OF
INTEL?
• LGA 1156 (land grid
array 1156), also
known as Socket H or
H1, is an Intel
desktop CPU socket.
 WHAT IS HEAT SINK? WHAT IS ITS USE? IF
IT IS NOT IN THE SYSTEM WHAT WILL
HAPPEN?
• A heat sink is a component used to lower the temperature of a device. A heat sink is a thermal conductive metal
device designed to absorb and disperse heat away from a high temperature object such as a computer processor.
Usually heat sinks are outfitted with built-in fans to help keep both the CPU and the heat sink at an appropriate
temperature. Heat sinks are made out of metal, such as a copper or aluminum alloy, and are attached to the
processor. Most heat sinks have fins, thin slices of metal connected to the base of the heat sink, which help spread
heat over a large area.
• It is most commonly there on the microprocessor to prevent overheating, the heat sink dissipates heat from the
processor. To transfer heat from the processor to the heat sink, there must be an adequate amount of surface area
between the two. This is done by the use of a heat sink compound (also called thermal paste), which is lightly
spread over the surface. However, too much thermal paste will insulate the CPU instead of cooling it.
• A computer processor works at a very fast pace, generating a lot of heat. If a processor is overheated and does not
have a heat sink and if it is not properly fixed in the system, the system will shut down automatically to prevent
further damage to the processor. The CPU can be damaged. The computer may be dysfunctional and not able to
complete a POST (power on self-test). If a POST fails, nothing will appear on the screen and the computer
speakers may produce only a series of beeps.
 A CPU FAN SHOULD BE PLACED IN
SYSTEM. WHY?
• We all Know that computer power
generates heat, though – enough to
disable the delicate electronics. A
CPU cooling fan is necessary to
dissipate that heat, and maintaining
your computers’ cooling systems
can increase their lives and reduce
the chance of damage to important
business systems.
 WHAT IS UPGRADING A MICROPROCESSOR?
WHY WE HAVE TO DO IT?
• Upgrading your CPU can have vast
improvements for your computing
experience especially if your old
one is slow or outdated. It can make
your machine run faster, smoother
and cooler with less lag time. This
is especially important if you use
your computer for gaming or other
graphics-intensive activities.
 WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF
OVERHEATING OF MICROPROCESSOR?
• Demanding applications. High-intensity programs can exhaust CPU or GPU capacity, causing the components to overheat.
• Multiple open browser tabs. Having too many tabs open takes up valuable system resources, which means your computer has to work
harder. This can lead to slower performance and decreased battery life. Reduced productivity.
• Unresponsive programs. You may notice that your computer slows down, freezes, crashes, or sends error messages. This is
particularly worrisome if several programs are acting up and the problems persist even after rebooting. Problems with your mouse,
monitor, or flash drive can also be warning signs.
• Overclocking A computer’s cooling systems are designed for its base performance and may not be sufficient for overclocked hardware.
• Fan failure Computer cooling systems rely on fans to regulate heat. If there’s a hardware issue with the fans themselves, it can lead to
dangerous overheating.
• Blocked air vents If the air vents are obstructed or blocked, hot air can’t dissipate, heat will accumulate, and the temperature inside
your machine will soar.
• Outdated software Buggy, outdated software can have an outsized energy impact, and older operating systems may be poorly
optimized for gaming and other high intensity tasks.
• Direct sunlight Using your computer in direct sunlight or any kind of hot environment can cause it to overheat. Your cooling system is
designed to handle heat caused by internal components and external, environmental factors can overwhelm it.
• Viruses or other mal ware If it seems like your computer’s overheating for no reason, there may be a computer virus consuming
intensive background processes. Use strong antivirus software to get rid of any infection.
 NO DISPLAY. WHAT IS THE PROBLEM?

• Commonly 90% no display fault comes

just because of a faulty RAM. Power
supply.
• The LCD display or video issue can occur
due to outdated drivers such as BIOS,
video card (GPU), chipset, and monitor
driver, video, or graphic settings in the
operating system, faulty video cable,
outdated operating system updates.
 WHAT IS THE USE OF CONVENTIONAL
MEMORY IN THE SYSTEM?
• Conventional memory, also called base
memory, is the first 640 kilobytes of the
memory on IBM PC or compatible
systems. It is the read-write memory
directly addressable by the processor for
use by the operating system and
application programs. It is contiguous
memory directly used by applications
running on any Intel 80x86 microprocessor
that is running in real mode under
unaugment MS-DOS.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND
ATTENTION

THE END