Chapter 9: Sinusoid and Phasors

Electrical Network Analysis

(By AP Muhammad Shafique)

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 9 - Sinusoidal and Phasors
Key Points:
 Introduction
 Sinusoids
 Phasors
 Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements
 Impedance and Admittance
 Impedance Combinations
 Examples and Problems
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Sinusoids

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Sinusoids with Phase Angle

Lagging

Leading

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 Leading or Lagging?
Sin

θ
-Cos Cos
• How to find whether a wave is leading or lagging?
– Compare the arguments of the two waves:
– Argument1-Argument2; If the result is positive then wave1 is
leading by the difference of the two Arguments: otherwise the -Sin
result is negative, wave1 is lagging by the difference of the two
waves.
•Make sure three rules above are adhered to.

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 Sin

Example-Finding Lag or Lead Angle -Cos

θ
Cos

-Sin

Consider two waves: ) and ), find which wave is leading or lagging?

Solution: We see that both waves have the positive amplitude and same frequency of 5 rad/sec.
Next let us express both the waves as cosine: then by adding -90o , )
¿ 𝑽 𝒎𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟓 𝒕 −𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒐 )
Then, Argument1 = , Argument2=
Subtracting : Argument1 - Argument2 = =

Therefore wave1 or leading by an angle of .

It is also correct to say that is lagging by . Or also is leading by . Also correct to say that is leading by and so
on.

However, it is customary to express the phase difference in an angle lesser than or equal to 180 degree.

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 Practice Problems
More you Sweat in Peace, less you Bleed in War:

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 A Useful Trigonometric Identity
If then what is and in terms of and ?

𝐴 cos𝜔𝑡 +𝐵 sin 𝜔𝑡
Comparing: 𝐴=C cos 𝜃 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐵=−𝐶 sin 𝜃
𝐴 + 𝐵 =𝐶 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 ) Then
2 2 2
𝐶=√ 𝐴2+ 𝐵2

And

(
𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒚 , 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎 𝒕 + 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎 𝒕 =√ 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎 𝒕 −𝒕𝒂𝒏 −𝟏 (
𝑩
𝑨
) )
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 Forced Response of Sinusoidal Source
For the given series R,L circuit, excited by a sinusoidal source, find the resultant current.
Writing KVL equation for the loop:

+ , then what is the solution for

Let

Re-arranging the co-efficient of and

( − 𝝎 𝑳𝑨+ 𝑹𝑩 ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎 𝒕+ ( 𝝎 𝑳𝑩+ 𝑹𝑨−𝑽 𝒎 ) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒕=0 and therefore,

Since Sine and Cosine functions of same frequency can

never be zero, simultaneously, therefore,
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔 𝐿𝐵+ 𝑅𝐴−𝑉 𝑚 =0 … (2) Using and Putting
, , then
and putting this in (2)
2
𝜔 𝐿 +𝑅
2
𝑅𝑉𝑚2
𝐴− =0
𝑅 𝑅
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Home Practice Problems

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Practice Problems

𝑣 𝑜𝑐 =10 𝑐𝑜𝑠 10 3 𝑡 × ( 100

100+25 )
=8 𝑐𝑜𝑠 103 𝑡
100 × 25
𝑅𝑡h = =20 Ω
100+25

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Home Practice Problems

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PHASORS

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 Phasors

How to represent in Phasor form?

Phasor representation implies real part that means cosine function

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PHASORS

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Phasor Representation of Voltage and Current

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 End Chapter Problem
Sin

θ
-Cos Cos

• -Sin
V
• mA
• (c) 120 V
• (d) 60 = 60mA

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Calculator Casio ES-991

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 Practice Problem
Using calculator, do practice problem 9.3 and express the result in rectangular
and form.

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 Derivative and Integral of Phasors

The time factor is suppressed and frequency is not explicitly shown In phasor form, however, the response do depend
upon frequency. Like in this response function the magnitude as well as the argument depend upon frequency.
Therefore the phasor domain also known as frequency domain.

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 Application of Phasors for Circuit Analysis
Let us see what is the advantage of Phasors in Circuit Analysis: KVL Equation in time domain will be:

+ , then in Phasor form it will be

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 Example

Express both the currents in Phasor form:

Using Calculator:

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 Example

Transform the equation in Phasor form:

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 Impedance in Phasor Domain

1. This impedance could be of an Electrical /Electronic Network, Circuit

or a simple circuit element like Resistor, Capacitor or Inductor.
2. Since in phasor domain, the voltage and current are represented as a
complex number; the impedance being the ratio, shall also be a
complex number.
3. The units of impedance are ohms, derived from the ratio of voltage
and current Units.
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 Phasor Relationship for Circuit Elements - Resistor

Since the Impedance of a resistor R is the ratio of Phasor voltage across the resistor
to Phasor current through the same resistor, therefore the Resistor Impedance is:

Remember that the Phasor Voltage across a resistor and the Phasor current
through the same resistor are always in phase. Why?
Phasor Relationship for Circuit Elements - Inductor

Phasor Voltage across an Inductor is always Leading the current by 90 Degrees.

Phasor Relationship for Circuit Elements - Capacitor

Phasor Voltage across a Capacitor is always Lagging the current by 90 Degrees.

Summaries

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 Circuit Laws and Impedance Combination
When the impedance of each circuit element has been defined as Ratio
of Phasor Voltage to Phasor Current then the Impedances can be
combined in similar manners as the Resistors were combined for DC
Circuits.
Also Circuit Laws like Ohm’s Law, KVL and KCL are valid in Phasor
Domain also.
Similarly All Circuit Analysis Techniques namely Nodal, Mesh,
Superposition, Source Transformation, Thevenin, Norton and Delta-
Wye Conversion can also be used for Phasor domain Circuits and
Networks.
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 Circuit Laws and Impedance Combination
Ohm’s Law : Voltage across an Impedance is directly proportional to the Current flowing through the Impedance.

KVL: Sum of the Voltages around a loop is ZERO.

KCL: Algebraic Sum of the Currents at a Node is Zero.

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 Numerical Problems

− 𝑗 100 Ω 𝑗 80 Ω
At 10 rad/sec, the impedance of the capacitors and inductor are as follows:
− 𝑗 100 Ω

Using Calculator:

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 Numerical Problems

First convert the circuit into Phasor Domain, means sources and
impedances are transformed into phasor form. Equivalent circuit is
shown on figure 9.26.

Equivalent impedance of capacitor and inductor is :

Therefore,

and

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Questions . . .

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