Adama Science &Technology University

School of Mechanical ,Chemical And Material Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering (Thermal &Aerospace
Engineering)

Thermodynamics I (Meng 2106)

By: Natnael Mesfin (Msc.) 2020 G.C

Adama, Ethiopia
 Chapter One
Thermodynamics And Energy
 What is thermodynamics?

• Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of energy.

• The study of thermodynamics is concerned with ways

energy is stored within a body and how energy transformed.

• The name thermodynamics stems from the Greek words

therme (heat) and dynamis(power)

• Energy can be viewed as the ability to cause changes.

Cont.
 One of the most fundamental laws of nature is the
conservation of energy principle.
• It simply states that during an interaction, energy can
change from one form to another but the total amount
of energy remains constant.
• That is, energy cannot be created or destroyed. (first
law of thermodynamics)
Cont..
For example:
• A rock falling off a cliff,

picks up speed as a result

of its potential energy
being converted to kinetic
energy
 Cont.…
• The change in the energy content of a body or any
other system is equal to the difference between the
energy input and the energy output.
• And the energy balance is expressed as;

The first law of thermodynamics is simply an expression

of the conservation of energy principle, and it asserts that
energy is a thermodynamic property.
 Cont.…
• The second law of thermodynamics asserts that energy
has quality as well as quantity and actual processes
occur in the direction of decreasing quality of energy .
 Application Areas of Thermodynamics

• Thermodynamics is commonly encountered in many

engineering systems and other aspects of life.

• Some application area of thermodynamics is listed

below:
Cont.
 Cont.

 Propulsion systems for aircraft

and rockets

 HVAC system

 Computer, TV etc.
 Dimensions and Units

• Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions.

• The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are called units.

• Some basic dimensions such as mass m, length L, time t, and

temperature T are selected as primary or fundamental dimensions.

• velocity V, energy E, and volume V are expressed in terms of the

primary dimensions and are called secondary dimensions, or

derived dimensions.
 Cont.…

Dimensional Homogeneity
In engineering, all equations must be dimensionally
homogeneous.
That is, every term in an equation must have the same unit.
 Thermodynamic Systems
• System: A quantity of matter or a region in space
chosen for study.
• Surroundings: The mass or region outside the
system
• Boundary: The real or imaginary surface that
separates the system from its surroundings.
• The boundary of a system can be fixed or movable.
 Cont.…

System, surroundings, and boundary

 Systems may be considered to be closed or open,

depending on whether a fixed mass or a fixed volume
in space is chosen for study.
 Cont.
 A closed system(control mass) consists of a fixed
amount of mass, and no mass can cross its boundary.
• But energy, in the form of heat or work, can cross the
boundary

a special case, even energy is

not allowed to cross the
boundary, that system is called
an isolated system.

 Mass cannot cross the boundaries of a

closed system, but energy can.
 Cont.…

 An open system( control volume): Both mass and energy

can cross the boundary of a control volume.

Control surface: The boundaries of a

control volume. It can be real or
imaginary.
 Cont..

 A large number of engineering problems involve

mass flow in and out of a system. therefore, are
modeled as control volumes
 e.g. A water heater, a car radiator, a turbine, and a
compressor, nozzle etc.
 Properties Of A System

 Any characteristic of a system is called a property.

Some familiar properties are pressure P, temperature T,

volume V, and mass m.
 Properties are considered to be either intensive or
extensive.
 Intensive properties: Those that are independent of the
mass of a system, such as temperature, pressure, and
density.
 Cont.…
 Extensive properties: Those whose values depend on
the size or extent of the system.
Examples: volume, mass, total energy
 Specific properties: Extensive properties per unit

mass.
specific volume v = Volume/Mass = V/m

specific energy e = Energy/Mass = E/m

 State and Equilibrium
 Consider a system not undergoing any change.at these
point , all the properties can be measured or calculated
throughout the entire system, which gives us a set of
properties that completely describes the condition, or
the state, of the system.
• At a given state, all the properties of a system have
fixed values.
 Cont.

 The word equilibrium implies a state of balance. In an

equilibrium state there are no unbalanced potentials (or
driving forces) within the system.
 There are many types of equilibrium;
 Thermal equilibrium: If the temperature is the same
throughout the entire system.

A closed system reaching thermal

Cont.

 Mechanical equilibrium: If there is no change in

pressure at any point of the system with time.
 Phase equilibrium: If a system involves two phases
and when the mass of each phase reaches an
equilibrium level and stays there.
 Chemical equilibrium: If the chemical composition
of a system does not change with time, i.e no
chemical reactions occur.
 PROCESSES AND CYCLES
• Any change that a system undergoes from one
equilibrium state to another is called a process
• Path: The series of states through which a system passes
during a process.
• To describe a process completely, one should specify the
initial and final states, as well as the path it follows, and
the interactions with the surroundings .

A process between
states 1 and 2 and
the process path.
 Cont.
 When a process proceeds in such a manner that ,the
system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium
state at all times, it is called a quasi-static, or quasi-
equilibrium, process.

Quasi-equilibrium and nonquasiequilibrium

compression processes
 Cont.
 The prefix iso-is often used to designate a process for
which a particular property remains constant.
• Isothermal process: A process during which the
temperature T remains constant.
• Isobaric process: A process during which the
pressure P remains constant.
• Isochoric (isometric): process A process during
which the specific volume v remains constant
Cont.
 Adiabatic process - a process that has no heat transfer
into or out of the system.
• It can be considered to be perfectly insulated.
 Cycle: A process during which the initial and final
states are identical.
 The Steady-Flow Process

• The term steady implies no change with time. The

opposite of steady is unsteady, or transient.
• steady-flow process, which can be defined as a
process during which a fluid flows through a control
volume steadily.
• During a steady-flow process, fluid properties within
the control volume may change with position but not
with time
 Cont.

Under steady-flow conditions, the mass and energy

contents of a control volume remain
Cont.

• Steady-flow conditions can be closely approximated

by devices that are intended for continuous operation
such as;
 Turbines, Pumps
 Boilers, Condensers
 Heat exchangers
 refrigeration systems And etc.
 Temperature And The Zeroth Law Of
Thermodynamics

• It is a common experience that a cup of hot coffee left

on the table eventually cools off and a cold drink
eventually warms up.
• That is, when a body is brought into contact with
another body that is at a different temperature, heat is
transferred from the body at higher temperature to the
one at lower temperature until both bodies attain the
same temperature
Cont.
• At that point, the heat transfer stops, and the two

bodies are said to have reached thermal equilibrium.

Two bodies reaching thermal equilibrium after being

brought into contact in an isolated enclosure.
 Cont.

 The Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two

bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body,
they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
 By replacing the third body with a thermometer, the
Zeroth law can be restated as two bodies are in
thermal equilibrium if both have the same
temperature reading even if they are not in contact.
 Cont.

The body in thermodynamic equilibrium have the

same temperature measure.
 FORMS OF ENERGY
 Whether we realize it or not, energy is an important part
of most aspects of daily life.
 Energy can exist in numerous forms such as thermal,
mechanical, kinetic, potential, electric, magnetic,
chemical, and nuclear.
And their sum constitutes the total energy E of a system.
 The total energy of a system on a unit mass basis is
denoted by e and is expressed as:
 .
• In thermodynamic analysis, it is often helpful to
consider the various forms of energy that make up the
total energy of a system in two groups:
Macroscopic and Microscopic.
• The macroscopic forms of energy are those a system
possesses some outside reference frame, such as KE
and PE .
• The microscopic forms of energy: are those related to
the molecular structure of a system and the degree of
the molecular activity, and they are independent of
outside reference frames.
e.g. Internal energy of a system and is denoted by U.
 Cont.
 Kinetic energy(KE):Result of its motion relative to some
reference frame is expressed as:

 The energy that a system possesses as a result of its

elevation in a gravitational field is called potential
energy(PE) and is expressed as:

The macroscopic energy of an object changes with

velocity and elevation.
 …

 The total energy of a system consists of the kinetic,

potential, and internal energies and is expressed as;

on a unit mass basis,

 …
 Control volumes typically involve fluid flow for long
periods of time, and it is convenient to express the
energy flow associated with a fluid stream in the rate
form.
 Mass flow rate, which is the amount of mass flowing
through a cross section per unit time. Which is given by:
 Cont.

• The portion of the internal energy of a system associated with

the kinetic energies of the molecules is called the sensible

energy

• The internal energy associated with the phase of a system is

called the latent energy.

• The internal energy associated with the atomic bonds in a

molecule is called chemical energy.

Cont.

 During a chemical reaction, such as a combustion

process, some chemical bonds are destroyed while
others are formed. As a result, the internal energy
changes.
END !!!!