April 2010

Linepipe Material
Parameter Desain Pipeline
Material
Selection
Parameter
Stress Analysis &
Design
Thermal Expansion

Spanning &
Route Buckling
Survey
Pipeline
Design Environmental
Data
On Bottom-
Stability
Sizing & Wall
Cathodic Thickness
Protection
Fatigue
Material-Design Basis
Design Basis

Temperature
Requirement

, Diameter
Functional

arrest Sour
Pressure,

Fracture

Service
Other

Material Selection (Grade)

Material
Increase Utilisation (U)
Design

Linepipe NDT Level

Plastic Deformation & Strain
Geometry (Thickness)
Pipa Terkorosi
Pipa Terkorosi
Philosophy of Materials Selection

Material
Selection
Material Pipa Material

Metal Non-Metal

Non-Ferrous Ferrous Non-Plastics

(Fiber,
Concrete)
Aluminum
Alloys, etc. Iron Steel
Plastics

High Alloy (Stainless)

Wrought Thermoplastic,
Iron Thermoset,
Medium Alloy Fiber
Reinforced
Cast Iron Carbon

High Medium Low

Carbon Carbon Carbon
Linepipe Material Alternatives
Stainless Steel
• Duplex Stainless Steel
• Stainless Steel 304
• Stainless Steel – 316
Nonferrous Alloy
• Cu - Ni Alloy
• Ni Alloy
• Aluminum - Magnesium Alloy
Composite Pipe
• Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics (GFRP)
• Carbon / Epoxy Composite
• High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
Internally Clad Pipe, Carbon
Steel Outer Material
• 304L SS - Carbon Steel Clad Pipe
• 316L SS - Carbon Steel Clad Pipe
• Duplex SS - Carbon Steel Clad Pipe
• CuNi Alloy - Carbon Steel Clad Pipe
Internally Coated Carbon Steel
• Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE) Coating
• Coal Tar Epoxy Coating
• Ceramic Epoxy Coating
Carbon Steel
Pipe Material Selection
Carbon Steel Pipe
Carbon Steel
Carbon steel adalah material pipa yang paling banyak dipakai di industri power,
chemical, process, hydrocarbon dan industri pipeline.

Carbon steel yang biasa dipakai untuk pipa adalah API 5L.
Spesifikasi pipa carbon steel untuk uap, air, atau udara adalah ASTM A106 & A53.

Carbon steel dibagi menjadi “mild”, “medium” dan “high” carbon.

Mild steel is a carbon steel with less than 0.30% carbon. Medium carbon steel has
0.30% to 0.60% carbon. High carbon steel has over 0.6% carbon.
Carbon Steel Pipe

Material Type Carbon Steel

Serviceable under a wide variety of conditions and especially

adaptable to low-cost techniques of mass production.
Ease of fabrication
adequate strength
Advantages excellent finishing characteristics to provide attractive appearance
after fabrication
compatibility with other materials and with various coatings and
processes.
Not expensive
Susceptible to Chemical reaction
Disadvantages
Low corrosion resistance
 Contoh Kekuatan Material

Korelasi allowable stress

pipa dengan temperatur.
Diagram membentuk
“knee” (lutut).
Alloy Steel Pipe
Low Alloy Steel
• Logam ini digunakan sebagai material dalam konstruksi
untuk pipeline karena harganya murah, keersediaannya
banyak dan mudah di fabrikasi.
• Kondisi paling agresif biasanya ditemukan pada sistem
pipeline yang berhadapan dengan air, H2S dan CO2
• Karakteristik dari korosi CO2 and H2S dapat dibedakan
sbb:
– CO2 = general weight loss dengan adanya
korosi lokal dimana air terkumpul
– H2S = - biasanya tidak melibatkan general
weight loss, tetapi korosi
lokal lebih berupa stress corrosion
cracking atau hydrogen
induced cracks.
- General Weight loss pada T > 60
°C & partial pressure > 0.1 atm.
Alloy Steel Pipe
Low Alloy Steel
• Dasar dari low alloy steel
– Batas kekerasan maksimum
– Paduan maksimum nikel 1 %
– Kondisi heat treatment
• Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) merupakan
bentuk lebih lanjut dari hydrogen sulphide
corrosion yang mungkin terjadi, terutama pada
low alloy material
• Tindakan pencegahan untuk meminimalisir resiko
dari korosi:
– Pengawasan komposisi material
– Pengetesan khusus korosi
– Pemenuhan dengan NACE MR-01-75
 Alloy Steel Pipe
Low Alloy Steel

Field weldability dari high strength low alloy steel

dapat ditingkatkan berdasarkan formula berikut
 Mn   Cr  Mo  V   Cu  Ni 
CE  C     
 6   5   15 
Semakin besar nilai CE (Carbon Equivalent), semakin
rendah weldable suatu steel.

Formula ini digunakan untuk higher carbon steel yang

memperoleh strength dari carbon dan mangan dan
melalui perlakuan panas.

Untuk menentukan preheating, digunakan persamaan:

 Si   Cr  Cu  Cr   Mo   Ni   V 
Pcm  C               5B
 30   20   15   60   10 
Alloy Steel Pipe
High Alloy Steel (Stainless)
 High Alloy steel mengandung 10% Cr dengan yang paling
sering ditemukan ialah jenis stainless steel (kandungan
Cr 18%).

 Stainless steel difabrikasi sebagai martensitic steel,

ferritic steels, austenitic stainless steels.

 Stainless steel type 304 (C max 0.08%) sering digunakan

karena tahanan terhadap korosi dan oksidasinya baik,
strength dan ductility yang sangat baik, mudah dilas dan
dibentuk.

 Stainless steel type 316 mirip dengan 304 namun dengan

kandungan molybdenum yang lebih tinggi sehingga lebih
tahan terhadap air laut, chlorides, dan sulfurs serta
memiliki sifat di Temperatur tinggi yang lebih baik.
Alloy Steel Pipe

High Alloy Steel (Stainless)

 High Alloy Steel, dapat dilas dengan metode :

a)Gas tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)
b)Shielding Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
c)Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)

 Konduktifitas Thermal High Alloy Steel = 1.5

carbon steel.

 Permasalahan carbide precipitation dan sigma

phase formation yang disebabkan heat retention
dapat meningkatkan kecenderungan korosi dan
penggetasan.
Alloy Steel Pipe
High Alloy Steel (Stainless)

Masalah yang dapat timbul akibat penggunaan high

alloy steel :
 Biaya pembuatan yang mahal berkaitan dengan
produktifitas yang rendah
 Girth weld repair rates yang sangat tinggi
dengan penggunaan SMAW process
 Adanya sambungan las yang memiliki sifat
mekanik dan korosi pada base pipe
Alloy Steel Pipe
High Alloy Steel
Duplex Stainless Steel :
• Banyak diaplikasikan pada offshore pipeline.
• Kesulitan dalam pengaplikasian adalah
mengendalikan fraksi volume austenite & Ferrite
pada weld metal dan HAZ Diatasi dengan pemilihan
logam lasan secara hati-hati.
• Defect tolerance is also a problem with regard to
specifying existing codes.
 Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel Type
– Duplex Stainless Steel
– Stainless Steel 304
– Stainless Steel – 316

Material Type Duplex Stainless Steel
Excelent Corrosion Resistance
High Strength
Advantages Weldable by all standard methods
Better stress-corrosion cracking
resistance
Disadvantages Expensive
Stainless Steel 304 Stainless Steel 316
Excellent in a wide range of Excellent in a range of
atmospheric environments atmospheric environments and
and many corrosive media. many corrosive media -
generally more resistant than
Excellent forming 304.
Susceptible to stress cracking Susceptible to stress cracking
Susceptible to sensitisation
Has lower stiffness compared (grain boundary carbide
to Polypropylene precipitation) when heated
until 425-860 0C
High mould shrinkage and Cannot be hardened by
poor UV resistance thermal treatment.
 Internally Clad Pipe,
Carbon Steel Outer Material

Internally Clad Type

– 304L SS - Carbon Steel Clad Pipe
– 316L SS - Carbon Steel Clad Pipe
– Duplex SS - Carbon Steel Clad Pipe
– CuNi Alloy - Carbon Steel Clad Pipe

304L SS - 316L SS - Duplex SS - CuNi Alloy -

Material Type
Carbon Steel Carbon Steel Carbon Steel Carbon Steel
Advantages Combining the features of metallurgical & mechanical
Expensive
Disadvantages
Need High Level on joining
 Internally Coated Carbon Steel
– Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE) Coating
– Coal Tar Epoxy Coating
– Ceramic Epoxy Coating
Material Type FBE Coating Coal Tar Epoxy Coating Ceramic Epoxy Coating
Suitable for intermittent exposure to Holiday (pinhole) testing per applicable ASTM, NACE,
ease of application,
300°F And SSPC Industry standards
less waste of Can be applied to the bell and spigot of ductile iron
Excellent chemical resistance
material, pipe for total "Wet Area" protection
Field repairs are completed with same product as is
rapid application, Excellent adhesion
applied at factory, not coal tar epoxy
Advantages cure schedules, Can be stored outside indefinitely without
Convenient 2A to 3B mix ratio by
which means faster disbondment from the substrate (some chalking will
volume
production rates. occur)
Finished coated Excellent abrasion resistance (Alpha Phase alumina
High build to 40 mils per coat
pieces can be moved ceramics - Hardness just below s diamond)
to storage area 100% solids, 0.0 lbs. VOC Superior bonding to the substrate (three times that
within minutes after of any other ceramic epoxy or polyethylene product)
application Sprayable, Tough and flexible
Do not use below 40°F
Store material under dry conditions
Disadvantages
For best results, applied condition
material to 70°F or higher.
Iron Pipe
Cast Iron
 Cast iron pipe (ASTM A 74) comes in 5 ft and 10 ft
lengths, extra heavy (marked XH) or service (marked SV)
wall thickness.
 Cast iron mempunyai sifat aliran material yang baik saat
meleleh, dan sangat cocok untuk dicor.
 Cast Iron dapat di-alloydengan Si, Ni atau Cr untuk
meningkatkan kemampuan abrasion atau corrosion
resistance.
 Cast irons can be classified as gray cast iron, ductile iron,
white iron and malleable iron.

Wrought Iron
Wrought material termasuk forging, billets (kedalaman <
6”) atau blooms (kedalaman > 6”) dibuat menjadi bars,
tubes atau bentuk structural, serta slab dibuat jadi sheets,
skelp (pelat untuk membuat seam welded pipe) ataupun
pelat.
 Nonferrous Alloy
Cu-Ni Type Ni alloy Type
– 90Cu - 10Ni – 70Ni – 30Cu
– 80Cu - 20Ni – Inconel
– 70Cu - 30Ni Aluminum - Magnesium Alloy
Aluminum -
Material
90Cu - 10Ni 80Cu - 20Ni 70Cu - 30Ni 70Ni - 30Cu Inconel Magnesium
Type
Alloy
excellent corrosion excellent
excellent electrical and thermal conductivities,
resistance in mechanical typically
outstanding resistance to corrosion, ease of
reducing chemical properties and displays
fabrication, and good strength and fatigue
environments and in presents the excellent
resistance . Can be readily soldered and
Advantag sea water desirable electrical and
brazed. Can be welded by various gas, arc,
es excellent ductility and combination of high thermal
and resistance methods. Can be plated,
can be readily strength and good conductivity,
coated with organic substances, or chemically
fabricated and workability.
colored to further extend the variety of
formed into a variety Good resistance to
available finishes. Low density
of shapes. corrosion and heat
Expensive
Lower strength
Disadvan sometimes have limited usefulness in certain environments because
Very expensive than
tages of hydrogen embrittlement or stress-corrosion cracking (SCC).
ferousbased
Metal
Non Metallic Pipe
Thermoplastic (PVC)
• Tahan Korosi
• Tekanan dan temperature
terbatas
– PVC : T < 65 C, Stress < 4 ksi
– PE : T < 40 C, Stress < 625 psi
• Harus di kubur atau disupport
untuk melindungi dari sinar
matahari, api, dan kerusakan
mekanik.
• Tahan terhadap UV
• ketahanan terhadap getaran
rendah
Non Metallic Pipe
Composite (Fiber Reinforced Plastic)
• Tahan terhadap tekanan tinggi dibanding PVC
– T < 95 oC. P < 20 bar (LR)
• Tahan terhadap getaran
• Tahan terhadap UV
• Sangat tahan terhadap korosi
• Mudah di instalasi
• Biaya perawatan rendah
• Kekuatan tariknya yang lebih tinggi daripada
pipa HDPE
• Tidak direkomendasikan untuk depressurized
systems
• Harus di kubur untuk melindungi dari sinar
matahari, api, dan kerusakan mekanik.
• Ketahanan terhadap getaran rendah
• Aplikasi : Freshwater, potable water, chilled
water, seawater, chlorinated seawater
 Composite Pipe
Composite Type
– Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics (GFRP)
– Carbon / Epoxy Composite
– High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)

GFRP
Material Aliphatic Anhydiride Aromatic Carbon / Epoxy
HDPE
Type Amine Cured Cured Amine Cured Composite
Epoxy Epoxy Epoxy
Corrosion Control - Resists corrosion Good mechanical Good low temperature impact
caused by CO2, H2S and salt water properties resistance
Advantag Reduced cost of the piping and reduced Good chemical
Excellent chemical resistance
es maintenance costs resistance
Lowest shrinkage Exceptional resistance to rapid-
Reduced weight on the platform deck
(highest stability). crack propagation
May react with oxygen and strong
Disadvan
Low performance in high temperature Expensive oxidizing agents, such as chlorates,
tages
nitrates, peroxides, etc.
Metodologi Pemilihan
Preliminary study & Data Collection

Establish Material Criteria

Choose Material Alternatives

Generate material type-

properties-operational
criteria matrix

Material NO Unrecommended
Accepted? Material

YES
Material Recommendation
Thank You