SSP 211

C
 3 C’s
• CONTEMPLATE (reflect
and make insights)
• COMMUNICATE (discuss
with others)
• COLLABORATE (work
with others and co-create
knowledge with them)
This subject mainly
focuses on the
interrelationship
between the human
person and the
environment

Biophysical and
sociocultural
GENDER
In the field of education, why it is
important for us to study and
understand this subject (gender
and society)?
To make our
school/classroom inclusive

To appreciate diversity and

individual differences
PART 1: GENDER AND SEXUALITY
AS A SOCIAL REALITY
• LESSON 1: SEX, GENDER AND SEXUALITY
• LESSON 2: GENDER AND SEXUALITY
ACROSS TIME
• LESSON 3: GENDER AND SEXUALITY AS A
SUBJECT OF INQUIRY
LESSON 1: SEX,
GENDER AND
SEXUALITY
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able
to:

a. differentiate sex, gender, and sexuality

b. discuss the implication of these differences; and
c. contemplate about own sexuality and on the
importance of appreciating sexual diversity
 SEX OR GENDER?
1. Only woman can conceive and give birth
2. Most men are taller than women
3. Women are more loving and caring
4. Men are the best chefs
5. The most important role of a woman is to become a
mother
6. Women suffer from premenstrual tension, men do not
7. Men think and act more rationally than women
8. Only men can supply sperm for fertilization
9. The most important role of a man is to be a
breadwinner
10.Men cannot breastfeed babies
11. Women are poor managers
12.Men’s voices break at puberty
What is SEX?
biological dimension of your gender and sexuality
 also referred as biological sex or physical sex
typically determined by examining our genitals:
(external organs that are associated with reproduction)
It is often assigned at birth
male – have a penis and testicles
female – have vagina
Hermaphroditism/intersexuality – have both male and female organs
 Hermaphroditism/intersexuality
 Chromosomes – protein structures which contain your genetic
materials
 Sex Chromosomes – are specific chromosomes that marks a person’s
biological sex ( XY- male , XX – female )
 Hormones – chemicals in our body that are responsible for sustaining
bodily processes
males – higher level of testosterone ( sex drive and aggression)
females – higher level of progesterone and estrogren
( lactation, menstruation, and others female reproductive functions)
What is GENDER?
 SOCIAL DIMENSION/INTERPRETATION OF ONE’S SEXUALITY
males – expected to be masculine
females – expected to be feminine
baby boy – blue apparels and toys
baby girl – pink apparels and toys ( girlhood )

HETERONORMATIVITY – phenomenon of determining the normality

of a behaviour based on whether it conforms or not to the expectations
relative to one’s biological sex
GENDER
sexuality
IDENTITY
The sense of who we are

The totality of our own experience of our

sex and gender

Typically:
Males - are comfortable
identifying as man

Females - as woman
However, there are cases wherein a person’s biological
sex does not align with one’s gender identity.

People with this experience

are referred to as
TRANSGENDERS

• TRANSGENDER WOMAN
• TRANSGENDER MAN
SEXUAL
ORIENTATION
Pertains to our emotional and sexual attraction to a person.

HETEROSEXU
AL HOMOSEXUAL
BISEXUAL OR “BI’ LGBT
OR LESBIAN/GAY
STRAIGHT
Appreciating Diversity
 According to American Psychological Association
(APA) nature and nurture play a complex role in
shaping our sexual orientation.
 The American Psychological Association (APA) is a
scientific and professional organization that represents
psychologists in the United States.

 That is why it is very important for

According to the Psychological Association of the
Philippines:
“we can truly tell if the person is gay, lesbian or
bisexual if the person shares with us his or her
experiences and feelings of attraction towards them”
everyone to feel safe as they share
their sexuality since it is a personal
and sensitive topic.
 We can do that in an environment
wherein we do not feel judged and
discriminated upon.
 GENDER AND SEXUALITY
ACROSS TIME
Society progress so much in a way that information and knowledge is available to everyone.
Historical accounts show that across time, humans’ conception of gender and sexuality has
also change.
In the past:
Divine Feminine – the sacredness of the woman due to her ability to conceive children
Egalitarian – men and women have equitable power and roles
The discovery:
Paternity – fatherhood/ role of father in conception
 PATRIARCHY
• From the Greek word Patriarkes which means ‘The rule of the
father”
• It is a social system where men primarily holds power in the political
and the private spheres.
• Men rule over women and children
• In the social, legal political and economic spheres, men are expected
to lead while women are expected to obey.
• Women are not allowed to go to schools or even vote, because they
are viewed as a weaker sex and should not concern themselves in
learning science and politics
• It is viewed by most sociologists as a social construct and not as a
biological phenomenon
 HISTORICAL VIEWS ON GENDER
• Aristotle, Plato, and other Greek Philosophers viewed women as the inferior sex and
GREEK are properties of men whose only job was to obey their husbands, bear children, and
take care of the household.
• They were forbidden to learn philosophy, politics and science.

• Herodotus, a Greek Historian, observed the Egyptian civilization citing that

EGYPT Egyptian women enjoyed higher social status than Greek women because they can
inherit property and engage in trade in politics.
• However, Greek influence quickly spread in Egypt through the conquests of
Alexander the Great across Asia and Africa.

• Confucianism has stringent written rules that dictate how women should conduct
China themselves.
• The written documents titled “Three obedience’s and four virtues’ and ‘’Precepts of
women’’ states that:
 Women should obey their father, when married she is to obey her husband, and when
widowed she is to obey her son.
Example 1:
• The last name that is given to a child.
• Children born to a couple traditionally have
always been given the family name of the father.
• When a man and woman get married, the woman
is traditionally known to take on the family name
of the husband and abandon her own family name.
Example 2:
•In many families, children get permission to
do a certain thing only after the father says
yes or agrees, regardless of the mother’s
opinion.
•The father has the last word.
•The father is the boss.
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
• FEMINISM
• (Women liberation movement, women’s movement )– is continuing series
of social movements that aim to challenge the patriarchal society that
creates these oppressive political structures, beliefs and practices against
women.

• During 19th and early 20th century, first wave feminism spread across the
western countries as women demanded for their right to vote or
participate in elections and to be able to legally own property.
The Women’s Liberation Movement
• Was formed in Europe and they sought the right to education, right to work, and right to vote in
1940s.
• They also won women’s right to decide on their bodies and their sexualities.
• This liberation movement views the intersectionality of economic status or class to patriarchy.

 Inspired by Beauvoir’s book, second-wave feminism in 1960s through the 80s.

 The 90s gave birth to the 3rd wave
 2012 started the 4th wave
 These movements only show that there is still much to be done for women’s rights.
 Here are a few salient points that feminism
demands:

1. Women Suffrage- right to vote

2. Equality in Politics and Society
3. Reproductive Rights
Feminism demands EQUALITY 4. Domestic Violence
5. Sexual harassment and sexual violence
The United Nations reports that women
do more work than men because even 6. Other rights include the right to:
when they work at the office, they are  divorce their husbands
expected to do household chores.  make decisions on her pregnancy
UN states that ‘’woman perform 66%
of the worlds work, produce 50% of the  Equitable wages
food, but earn 10 and own 1% of the  Equal employment opportunity
property.
Patriarchy Vs. Feminism
Patriarchy Feminism
Power Males are superior and have Both sexes have equal power.
supreme power in political, social
and economic spheres.
Position of Women are oppressed and Attempts to change the place of the
Women disadvantage women in the traditional society

Women’s Rights Women’s rights are violated Women’s rights are secured.
GENDER AND SEXUALITY AS A
SUBJECT OF INQUIRY
Gender Role or Sex Role – are ‘’sets of culturally defined behaviors such as masculinity and
femininity’’ ( Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender 2019)

Gender Studies – a field of study concerned about how reproductive roles are interpreted and
negotiated in the society through gender
 it is not just for women or all about women, it is about everyone.
 Gender studies lets us analyse the creation and maintenance of these gender norms so that it
does not create inequalities in social, political and economic spheres.
• Research Process
A systematic approach in identifying problems, making hypotheses and assumptions, gathering
data, and making conclusions.
• Approaches in research:
QUALITATIVE APPROACH QUANTITATIVE APPROACH
 Focuses more on the meaning created and  Focuses more on characterizing a population or a
interpretations made by people about their own sample, and in some cases, making generalizations
personal experiences. about the population based on the behaviour of a
sample.

 Some methods used:  Some methods used:

• Phenomenology • Survey
• Hermeneutics • experiment
• ethnography
Ethics in Gender and Sexuality Research
• There are some principles to remember in conducting gender and
sexuality researches.
• These principles are referred to as Ethical Principles.
• The following are the principles to remember:

 Informed Consent
 Confidentiality and Anonymity
Non-maleficence and Beneficence
Distributive Justice
QUESTIONS?