Soil Mechanics Ch6 Flow Net

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES
FOR 3rd CLASS – CIVIL ENG. DEPT.
Assist. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Shaker Al Shakerchy

Ph.D. in Geotechnical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering / University of Kufa
1
SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy
SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES – 3RD CLASS – CIVIL ENG. DEPT.
CHAPTER SIX
TWO DIMENSIONAL FLOW
AND FLOW NET
SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 2

SOIL MECHANICS- KCE3241
2D WATER FLOW IN SOILS
The main items in this lecture are:
TWO DIM. FLOW & FLOW NET
CONTIN CRITICA
EXAMPL FLOW ANISOTR
TRANSFER FILTER
UITY OPIC L CASES
ES NET
CONDITION REQ.
EQ. SOIL .IN H. S

 EXAMPLES
U.S. D.S.
Upstream Cut-off
Downstream
Permeable
Soil
impermeable Soil
Permeable
Soil
U.S.
Impermeable Soil
D.S.

BASIC EQUATION FOR FLOW IN SOIL
 To derive the equation of the flow, assumptions limited
the derivation: -
 For the soil: -

◦ homogeneous,
◦ isotropic, and
◦ fully saturated.
 for the fluid: -

◦ laminar, steady, and continuous,
◦ incompressible, and
◦ Darcy’s Law is valid (V=ki)

h h
ix  , iy  qy+dqy
x y
qz
v=k.i , q=k.i.A …Darcy’s Law qx

For two dimensional flow, qz=0 qx +dqx
h
q x ,in  dydz.k x
x
qz +dqz
h qy
q y ,in  dxdz.k y
y

 The change in q (dq) based on the change in the hydraulic
gradient (di): -
qy+dqy
qz
qx
qx +dqx
qz +dqz
qy

  2h 
qy= qy, out - qy, in = dxdydz.k y  2 
 y 
 
q = qx- qy
  2
h  2 
h
= dxdydz k x 2  k y 2 
 x y 

S r .e
But Vw  dxdydz
1 e
V w   S .e 
 q    r dxdydz
t t  1  e 
dxdydz
  Volume of solids and it is constant
1 e
dxdydz  ( S r .e )
 q 
1 e t
 2h  2h1  S r e 
q  k x  ky  e  Sr 
x 2
y 2 1  e  t t 
- :From assumptions
Sr = 1 and e = constant, so the right term equal to zero.
 2h  2h
kx  ky 0
2 2
x y
… Equation of 2-D Flow (Laplace’s Equation)
FLOW NETS
 Solutions to Laplace's equation for two-
dimensional seepage can be presented
as flow nets. Two orthogonal sets of
curves form a flow net:
 - equipotentials connecting points of
equal total head h

- flow lines indicating the direction of
seepage down a hydraulic gradient
If standpipe piezometers were inserted
into the ground with their tips on a
single equipotential then the water
would rise to the same level in each
standpipe. (The pore pressures would
be different because of their different
elevations.)
POTENTIAL AND STREAM FUNCTIONS IN FLOW NETS
 h
x = kx . h , x
 k x  vx
x
   k h  v y1
y y y
y F1
y2 F2
The function (x,y) satisfies the Laplace’s Equation:-
 2  2
  0 … Laplace’s Equation
2 2
x y
 h
 k  vy
x y
 h
 k  vx
y x
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR FLOW NETS

FLOW NETS

FLOW NETS

FLOW NETS

FLOW NETS

FLOW NETS

FLOW NETS

FLOW NETS

FLOW THROUGH EMBANKMENTS

B
1. lines AB and DE a submerged

.U.S
permeable boundaries and it is
equipotential lines. C
D .S.
2. An imperious boundary AE, flow A D
line, and there is no flow across E
AE
3. A seepage surface CD, along this
surface the pore pressure is zero. .U.S
4. A free surface BC, phreatic
surface, which: - D .S.
i. Pore pressure (u)= 0

ii. Stream line, flow is
constant, i.e. the free
surface. SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 20
APPLICATION OF THE FLOW NET
 We can use the Flow-Net, the number of the head drops (Nd)
and flow channels (Nf), to estimate the followings: -

◦ 1- Pressure head (hp) from head of water (h) in upstream at
different points in the net then determining the pore water
pressure (u), where: -
u = gw * hp
◦ 2- Quantity of seepage through the flow path,
◦ 3- Safety against boiling and Exit gradient (ie), where: -
 Where: l = length of last square side at exit of water

CALCULATION OF TOTAL FLOW (Q)
Nf
QkH L
Nd
Nf : No. flow channels

Nd: no. of Drops
L: Length of Hydraulic
Structure
H: Water Head
K: Coefficient of
Permeability
SAFETY AGAINST BOILING
F.S.: Factor of Safety

ic: critical hydraulic gradient
Ie: exit hydraulic gradient
  Gs  1
CRITICAL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT (ic) ic  
 w 1 e
H
h Nd
EXIT HYDRAULIC GRADIENT (ic) ie  
L l

Pressure head (hp) or (u= P.W.P.)
hp (point) = ht (point) – he (point) -1
2- ht (point)= ht (point) – Nd(point)*Dh
3- u or P.W.P. (point)= hp (point) * gw

EXAMPLES
Determine
The quantity
of seepage
under
concrete dam
shown below
and P.W.P.
For The
Points (A-H).

EXAMPLES =H= , Ht= , Nf= , Nd
Nf
.SOL QkH L
Nd
Point ht He hp=Ht-he P.W.P.=hp.gw
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

EXAMPLES
- :Find
a) total discharge,
b) P.W.P.. at A and B,
c) head to satisfy factor of
safety equal to 2 against
boiling.

EXAMPLES
:Determine the followings

1. P.W.P. at the points (a-e)
quantity of seepage in
cm3/min.
2. exit gradient,
3. head difference to ensure
factor of safety equal to
2.5

EXAMPLES
for the earth shown below, laboratory tests indicate that the permeability of the 80years
old levee is 0.30nm/day. What is the volume of water lost through the levee along each
kilometer in m3/day?. Determine the pore water pressures at the bottom of the dam.

 ANISOTROPIC SOIL

BOUNDARY BETWEEN LAYERS (TRANSFER CONDITION)
q1 = q2
h
q1  k1  A   b1
L1
h
q2  k 2   b2
L2
L1 L2
 tan  1 ,  tan  2
b1 b2
k1 k2

tan  1 tan  2
CRITICAL CASES IN HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

CONCRETE DAMS OR SHEET PILES
They are suffering from boiling or quick condition, which causes by seepage
through foundation soil of these structures. To eliminate this condition, must
using a filter or concrete layer in the down stream of the dam.
U.S. D.S. U.S. D.S.
Permeable
Soil
Permeable
Soil
impermeable Soil impermeable Soil

CRITICAL CASES IN HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
EARTH DAMS
There are many critical cases relate with earth
- :dams
U.S. U.S. U.S. Low k

D.S. D.S. D.S.
stability of the DAM stability of upstream side stability of foundation

CONTROL OF SEEPAGE THROUGH DAMS

There are many methods to control the seepage and avoid
the critical cases including: -
 We may use grouting to lower the k, but the dam rarely
being able to use excavation and soil replacement in
critical areas.
 The use of a core or cut-off wall with a low k is the
principal.
 The length of flow path can be increased using a clay
blanket: -
 Upstream cut-off walls reduce the seepage uplift pressure.
 Downstream cut-off wall be more efficient in reducing seepage.

FILTER REQUIREMENTS
- :Filters or drains used to control seepage must satisfy two conflicting requirements
•The size of pores must be small enough to prevent particles being carried in from the
adjacent soil (prevent piping).
( D15 ) filter
45 To prevent piping …
( D85 ) soil
•The permeability must be high enough to allow the rapid drainage of water
entering filter.
( D15 ) filter
4  20 To ensure that the permeability of filter is high enough …
( D15 ) soil .for drainage

FILTER REQUIREMENTS

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SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES

FOR 3rd CLASS – CIVIL ENG. DEPT.

Assist. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Shaker Al Shakerchy

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 2

The main items in this lecture are:

TWO DIM. FLOW & FLOW NET

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 3

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

 For the soil: -

 for the fluid: -

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

v=k.i , q=k.i.A …Darcy’s Law qx

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

equal total head h

POTENTIAL AND STREAM FUNCTIONS IN FLOW NETS

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

FLOW THROUGH EMBANKMENTS

1. lines AB and DE a submerged

line, and there is no flow across E

i. Pore pressure (u)= 0

and flow channels (Nf), to estimate the followings: -

◦ 3- Safety against boiling and Exit gradient (ie), where: -

 Where: l = length of last square side at exit of water

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

CALCULATION OF TOTAL FLOW (Q)

Nf : No. flow channels

SAFETY AGAINST BOILING

F.S.: Factor of Safety

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 23

Pressure head (hp) or (u= P.W.P.)

hp (point) = ht (point) – he (point) -1

2- ht (point)= ht (point) – Nd(point)*Dh

3- u or P.W.P. (point)= hp (point) * gw

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 24

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 25

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 26

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 27

:Determine the followings

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 28

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 29

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

BOUNDARY BETWEEN LAYERS (TRANSFER CONDITION)

CRITICAL CASES IN HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

U.S. D.S. U.S. D.S.

impermeable Soil impermeable Soil

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy

CRITICAL CASES IN HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

U.S. U.S. U.S. Low k

stability of the DAM stability of upstream side stability of foundation

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 33

CONTROL OF SEEPAGE THROUGH DAMS

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 34

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 35

SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 36

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