EE203 Digital Design

1. Digital & Number Systems

• Instructor: Dr. Abdulkadir Köse

EE203 Digital Design

 Digital System
• Takes a set of discrete information inputs and discrete internal
information (system state) and generates a set of discrete
information outputs.

Discrete Discrete
Inputs Information
Processing Discrete
System Outputs

System State

EE203 Digital Design

 Signal
• An information variable represented by physical
quantity.
• For digital systems, the variable takes on discrete
values.
• Two level, or binary values are the most prevalent
values in digital systems.
• Binary values are represented abstractly by:
• digits 0 and 1
• words (symbols) False (F) and True (T)
• words (symbols) Low (L) and High (H)
• and words On and Off.
• Binary values are represented by values or ranges of
values of physical quantities
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 Analog and Digital Signal
• Analog system
• The physical quantities or signals may vary continuously over a
specified range.
• Digital system
• The physical quantities or signals can assume only discrete values.
• Greater accuracy

X(t) X(t)

t t
EE203 Digital Design Analog signal Digital signal
 Evolution of Electronic Devices

EE203 Digital Design

 MOORE’S LAW

EE203 Digital Design

 Number Systems

Digital world

011000100100111
00010010010101
01000101001101

2,452,748,179
“Print this slides.”

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 • All information in a computer: binary form.
Numbers, letters, controls, images, etc.
• Decimal numbers

578.23

 5  10 2  7  101  8  10 0  2  10 1  3  10 2
• Weighted system (base-ten or radix 10)

… 105104103102101100.10-110-210-3 …

Decimal point or radix point

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 Binary Numbers
• Only two digits (bits): 0 and 1
• Base-two system

Least Significant Bit (LSB)

Most Significant Bit (MSB)

2N…252423222120.2-12-22-3 …2-M

1 0.5 0.25 0.125

32 2
16
8 4
Binary point

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 Decimal Numbers and Binary Numbers

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 • N bits: from zero to 2N-1
• E.g.,
– 8 bits: from 0 to 255
– (00000000)2 = (0)10
– (11111111)2 = (255)10

• 210 = 1 024  1 k (kilo)

• 220 = 1 048 576  1 M (mega)
• 230 = 1 073 741 824  1 G (giga)
• 240 = 1 099 511 627 776  1 T (tera)

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 Binary to Decimal

• Convert the binary number 1101101 to decimal.

(1011101)2 = ?

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 • Convert the fractional binary number 0.1011 to decimal.

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 Decimal to Binary

(12)10 = (1100)2

(245)10 = ?
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 (0.3125)10 = (.0101)2

Continue to the desired decimal places

Or stop when the fractional part is all 0.
(0.1875)10 = ?

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 Octal and Hexadecimal Systems

• Numbers get too long with the

binary system.
– Difficult to be read and
written by human.
– For human reading and
writing, octal and
hexadecimal systems are
often used.
• Three bits  one digit in octal
system.
• Four bits  one digit in
hexadecimal system.

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 Conversion Between Binary and
Hexadecimal Numbers

(10A4)16

000

(1001 1111 0011 1101)2 = ? (B37E)16 = ?

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 Binary Arithmetic Operations

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 Complements of Binary Numbers
• Needed for negative numbers.
• 1’s complement: change all 1s to 0s and all 0s to 1s.

• 2’s complement = (1’s complement) + 1

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 Signed Numbers
• To represent both positive and negative numbers.
• Sign bit + magnitude
– Left-most bit: sign, 0 for positive and 1 for negative.
• 2’s complement, 1’s complement, sign-magnitude
• 2’s complement
8 bit example
−24 = 11101000 (24 = 00011000)
• 1’s complement
−24 = 11100111
• Sign-magnitude
−24 = 10011000

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Arithmetic Operations with Signed Numbers
• Addition
 Both numbers positive

 Positive number with magnitude larger than negative number

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  Negative number with magnitude larger than positive number

 Both numbers negative

 Summary: just add the two numbers and discard carry.

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  Overflow conditions
• When two positive or negative numbers with large
magnitude are added.

• Subtraction
 Take the 2’s complement of the subtrahend and add.
 Discard any final carry bit.
• Multiplication
 Multiple addition.

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 Display in decimal

Conversion
necessary

Computation in binary

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 Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
• Expression of each digit in decimal with a binary code.

For example,
35  0011 0101 98 1001 1000
170  0001 0111 0000 2469  0010 0100 0110 1001

• Invalid codes: 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, and 1111

• Provide excellent interface. E.g. keypads and digital readouts.

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 Gray Code
• Unweighted and non-arithmetic.
• Only a single bit change from one code word to the next in
sequence.

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 Binary to Gray Code Conversion
• MSB of gray code is equal to MSB of binary code.
• Other gray code bits obtained by XORing binary bits
at each index with the previous index.

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 Gray to Binary Code Conversion
• The MSB of the binary code is always same with the MSB of the
gray code.
• Other binary code bits are determined by checking the gray
code bit at that index. If the gray code bit is 0, copy the
previous binary bit; otherwise, copy the inverted previous
binary bit.

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 Gray Code Application Example
― Shaft Position Encoder

If there is a slight
misalignment,…

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 Gray Code Application Example
― Shaft Position Encoder

Even if there is a slight

misalignment,…

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 Alphanumeric Codes
• Computers should handle,
– Numbers: 0 to 9
– Letters: Roman alphabets, lowercase and uppercase
– Special characters: ! @ # $ % ^ & * …
• ASCII codes – American Standard Code for Information Interchange
– Standard binary code
– Seven bits  128 characters
– Control characters: routing data and arranging printed text
– Extended ASCII: additional 8-bit for foreign alphabetic
letters, Greek letters, mathematical symbols, etc.
• Unicode (ASCII is for English.)
– Industry standard for common representation of symbols
and ideographs for the most of the world’s languages.

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 ASCII Code

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 Error in Communication

Error
0101 0111
Error
01010 01110

Parity bit
Even no. 1s Odd no. 1s

 There is an error.

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 Parity Bit
• Bit error detection
• Attached to a group of bits to
make the total number of 1s in
a group always even or odd.
– Even parity: more common.
• Either at the beginning or at the
end of the word.
• Can detect a single bit (or odd
numbers of) error.
• Cannot detect even numbers of
error.

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