Electric Machines Fundamentals

Topic: Magnetic Circuits

Chapter 1: Lecture 01
Dr. Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif
Department of Electrical Engineering, UET, LAhore

Dr. Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif 1

Text Book
• Electric Machinery Fundamentals by
Stephen J. Chapman– Fifth Edition

• Major Topics
• Magnetic Circuits
• DC Machines
• Transformers
• Induction Motors
• Synchronous Generators
• Synchronous Machines
• Special Machines
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The Effect of Magnetic Field
• A current carrying conductor produces a magnetic field in the area
around it
• A time changing magnetic field induces a voltage in the coil of wire if
it passes through that coil – Transformer Action
• A current carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a force
induced on it – Motor Action
• A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a voltage
induced in it – Generator Action

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Ampere’s Law

H is the magnitude of the

magnetic field intensity
vector H and B is the
magnetic field density
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Continued…

• The magnetic field intensity H is in a sense a measure of the "effort"

that a current is putting into the establishment of a magnetic field.
• The strength of the magnetic field flux produced in the core also
depends on the material of the core.
• represents the relative ease of establishing a magnetic field in a given
material or the ability of the material to allow the magnetic field to
pass through it

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Continued
• Magnetic Field Intensity – Ampere Turn/meter – AT/m
• Permeability – H/m
• Flux density – Wb/sq.m – Tesla
• Permeability of free space is
• Permeability of any material compared to the permeability of free
space is called relative permeability

• The steels used in modem machines have relative permeabilities of

2000 to 6000 or even more. This means that, for a given amount of
current, 2000 to 6000 times more flux is established in a piece of steel
than in a corresponding area of air.
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The dA is the differential unit of Area. If B is
perpendicular to the plane of area A, and B
is constant throughout the area, then

Where A is the cross sectional area of the

core

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Magnetic Circuits
• Current in the coil of a wire wrapped around a core produces a
magnetic flux in the core like the voltage in an electric circuit
produces a current flow.
• We assume all of the flux passes through the core as it is highly
permeable as compared to the air, it is just like the current flow in the
resistance or a wire

• Flux is analogous to current

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Magnetic Circuits
• In electric circuits it is the voltage or electromotive force that drives
the current flow. By analogy, the corresponding quantity in the
magnetic circuit is called the magnetomotive force (mmf).

• Voltage is analogus to F=Ni

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Magnetic Ohm’s Law Anology

&

• Voltage (EMF) is analogus to F (MMF)

• Current is analogus to Flux
• Resistance is analogus to Reluctance

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Polarity of the MMF

Right hand rule Electrical Circuit Magnetic Circuit

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Reluctance
• The resistance offered to the flow of the magnetic flux is called the
reluctance of the material and represented as .
• Just think about the electrical resistance R, it the opposition to the
flow of current.
• Reluctance in the magnetic circuits obey the same rules as resistance
in an electric circuit.
• Series Reluctances

• Parallel Reluctances

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Leakage Flux
The magnetic circuit concept assumes
that all flux is confined within a magnetic
core. Unfortunately, this is not quite true.
The permeability of a ferro- magnetic
core is 2000 to 6000 times that of air, but
a small fraction of the flux escapes from
the core into the surrounding low-
permeability air. This flux outside the
core is called leakage flux, and it plays a
very important role in electric machine
design.

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Mean Length of the Path and Cross Sectional Area
The calculation of reluctance assumes a certain mean path length and
cross-sectional area for the core. These assumptions are not really very
good, especially at corners.

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Fringing Effect
• Cross sectional area increases when flux entees from material to air.

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Example 1

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Example 2

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Electric Machines Fundamentals
Topic: Magnetic Circuits
Chapter 1: Lecture 02
Dr. Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif
Department of Electrical Engineering, UET, LAhore

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Magnetization Curve

Saturation Region Saturation Region

Knee of Knee of
Curve Curve

Unsaturation Region
Unsaturation Region

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Why Ferromagnetic Material in Machines?
• The advantage of using a ferromagnetic material for cores in electric
machines and transformers is that one gets many times more flux for
a given magnetomotive force with iron than with air. However, if the
resulting flux has to be proportional, or nearly so, to the applied
magnetomotive force, then the core must be operated in the
unsaturated region of the magnetization curve.
• Since real generators and motors depend on magnetic flux to produce
voltage and torque, they are designed to produce as much flux as
possible. As a result, most real machines operate near the knee of the
magnetization curve, and the flux in their cores is not linearly related
to the magnetomotive force producing it.

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Concept of Magnetic Domains

Magnetic Domains Randomly Oriented Magnetic Domains in the Presence of

External Magnetic Field

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B-H Curve – When AC Source is Applied

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Hysterisis Loss

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Eddy Currents

2
𝐼 𝑅
f = frequency of the excitation source,
Bm = peak value of the magnetic field and
τ = thickness of the material.
The enery loss depends on the patha followed by the eddy currents

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Core Losses
• Both hysteresis and eddy current losses cause heating in the core
material
• Both losses must be considered in the design of any machine or
transformer.
• Since both losses occur within the metal of the core, they are usually
lumped together and called core losses.

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Faraday’s Law – Effect of Magnetic Field
• Induced Voltage from a
time changing Magnetic
Field

• The minus sign in the equations is an expression of Lenz's law. Lenz's

law states that the direction of the voltage build-up in the coil is such
that if the coil ends were short circuited, it would produce current
that would cause a flux opposing the original flux change.
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Faraday’s Law Continued
• the flux leaking out of the core into the surrounding air prevents this from
being true. We assume that flux is uniformly distributed and links all the
turns.
• the magnitude of the voltage in the turn of the coil is given by

If flux is uniform and linked with all the turns

Where flux linkages are given as

Unit: Weber-turn (Wb-T)

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Faraday’ Law -- Assumptions
• Assuming the linear region of the magnetic curve, uniform
distribution of the flux in all winding turns

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Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in Magnetic
Field – Second Effect of Mannetic Field

Right hand rule – L is the length in the

direction of current in the magnetic
field

is the angle between wire and

magnetic field

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Induced Voltage on a Conductor Moving in the Magnetic Field – 3rd Effect of Magnetic Field

= velocity of the wire

B = magnetic flux density vector
= length of conductor in the magnetic
field
Vector points along the direction of
the wire toward the end making the
smallest angle with respect to the
vector B). The voltage in the wire will
be built up so that the positive end is
in the direction of the vector B).

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Induced Voltage on a Conductor Moving in the Magnetic Field – 3rd Effect of Magnetic Field

= velocity of the wire

B = magnetic flux density vector
= length of conductor in the magnetic
field

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Linear DC Machine

Step 1

Step 2

KVL

Newton Net Force

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Magnetic Field
• Permanent Magnets
• Electromagnets -- Flexible

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Parts of a DC Machine

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Parts of a DC Machine

Carbon Brush
Commutator
Segments

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Commutator Segement

segments

brushes
DC Machine
Armature of a DC Motor
One Loop DC Mahine