Chapter 1: 1.

1 Introduction to Statistics
STATISTICS &
PROBABILITY 1.2 Tabular & Graphical Presentation

1.3 Measures of Central Tendency

1.4 Measures of Dispersion

1.5 Introduction to Probability

1.4 MEASURES OF CENTRAL
Dispersion is the
extent of the
scatteredness of
TENDENCY items around a
measure of
central tendency

Range

Variance

Standard deviation

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RANGE
DEFINITION
 The difference between the
largest and the smallest values
in a data set.
 The simplest measure of
dispersion to calculate
FORMULA
 Range for Ungrouped Data:
 Range for Grouped Data:
 Range = Upper limit of the last
class – Lower limit of the first class

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EXAMPLE 14
1. Find the range for the data set given 1. a. Range (Group A) = 70 – 20 =50
below: b. Range (Group B) = 55 – 40 = 15
a. Group A : 20 30 40 50 60 70 c. Range =
b. Group B : 40 42 43 45 45 55 2. Range
c. 77 82 74 81 79 84 74 78
2. Find the range for the grouped data
set given below: x f
5–8 2
9 – 12 4
13 – 16 7
17 – 20 8
21 – 24 1

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VARIANCE &
STANDARD DEVIATON
VARIANCE STANDARD DEVIATION
 Variance is the arithmetic mean of  The value of the std. dev. tells how
the squared deviations from the closely the values of that data set are
mean. clustered around the mean.
 The variance is nonnegative and is  The larger the value of std. dev. means
zero only and only if all the data set are spread over.
observations are the same.  The smaller the value of std. dev shows
 Symbol used: that the data set are grouped closely
 Variance for population, together or near to mean.
 Variance for sample,  Standard deviation is obtained by
taking the square root of the variance.

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VARIANCE &
STANDARD DEVIATON
Variance F1
for 
 i
x   2

 i
x  x 2
Ungrouped 2  s2 
Data N n 1

OR VARIANCE OR

F2
 x 
2
 x 
2

  N   n
i i
x i2 x i2
2  s2 
N n 1

Std. Dev.,  variance Std. Dev, s  variance

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 Ungrouped data
EXAMPLE 15 F1
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:
1. A company is cutting wire 300
cm in length. Acceptable
lengths are between 295 cm 296 -4 16
and 305 cm. A random sample 299 -1 1
of five wires had lengths in cm’s 300 0 0
of 296, 299, 300, 302, and 303. 302 2 4
Find the sample standard 303 3 9
deviation. Step 5: 1500 30 Step 4:
Compute the variance & std. dev.

 i
x  x 2
30
s2    7 .5
n 1 5 1
s  7.5  2.74
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 Ungrouped data
EXAMPLE 15 F2
2. The following table, based on Forbes Step 1:
magazine’s list of the wealthiest
people in the world, gives the total
46.5 2162.25
wealth (in billions of dollars) of five
persons (USA TODAY, March 11, 18.0 324
2005). Find the variance & standard 16.0 256
deviation for these data. 7.8 60.84
Total wealth 7.2 51.84
Billionaire
(billion in dollar)
Step 3: 95.5 2854.93 Step 2:
Bill Gates 46.5
Helen Watson 18.0 Compute the variance & std. dev.
Michael Dell 16.0 2  x
2
2854.93 
95.5 
2
x 
2
s  n  5  257.72
Keith Rupert Murdoch 7.8
n 1 5 1
George Soros 7.2
s  257.72  16.05
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 Ungrouped data
EXAMPLE 15
3. Calculate the sample variance Step 1:
and standard deviation of the
following data. 1 5
a) 1, 3, 5, 4, 2, 1 (population) 3 2
b) 5, 2, 11, 7, 6, 19 (sample) 5 11
4 7
2 6
1 19
Step 3:
Step 2:
Compute the variance & std. dev.

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VARIANCE &
STANDARD DEVIATON
Variance Variance for Variance for
for Population Sample
Grouped
Data 1

  fx 
2

 1

  fx 
2


 
i i i i
2  fi x i2  s2  fi x i2 
fi  f i  fi  1  f i 
   

Standard deviation Standard deviation for

for population sample
This formula can
also be used for
  variance s  variance ungrouped data
with the frequency

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 Grouped data
EXAMPLE 16
1. Calculate the variance & Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4:
standard deviation of the Class Midpoint, x
following data: 3.0 – 3.4 3.2 4 12.8 10.24 40.96
Class 3.4 – 3.8 3.6 8 28.8 12.96 103.68
3.0 – 3.4 4 3.8 – 4.2 4.0 11 44.0 16.00 176.00
4.2 – 4.6 4.4 9 39.6 19.36 174.24
3.4 – 3.8 8
4.6 – 5.0 4.8 6 28.8 23.04 138.24
3.8 – 4.2 11
Sum 38 154 633.12
4.2 – 4.6 9 Step 5:
4.6 – 5.0 6
Step 6: Compute the variance & std. dev.
2
s 
1 
633 .12 
154  
2
 0.2436
38  1  38 
s  0.2436  0.4936

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 1 
  fx 
2

 Grouped data

2 i i
s  fi x i2 
fi  1  f i 
 

EXAMPLE 16
2. The following data give the Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4:
frequency distribution of the No of
number of orders received Midpoint, x
orders
each day during the past 50 10 – 12 4
days at the office of a mail –
order company. Calculate the 13 – 15 12
variance and standard 16 – 18 20
deviation. 19 – 21 14
No. of Orders No. of Days Sum
10 – 12 4 Step 5:
13 – 15 12 Step 6: Compute the variance & std. dev.
16 – 18 20
19 – 21 14

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 1 
  fx 
2

 Ungrouped data

2 i i
s  fi x i2 
fi  1  f i 
 

EXAMPLE 16
3. Determine the variance & Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:
standard deviation of number
of absent days of 66 students. No. of
absent
No. of absent No. of (days)
(days) Students
0 20 0 20
1 21
1 21 2 15
2 15 3 10
3 10 Sum
Step 4:
Step 5: Compute the variance & std. dev.

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 1 
  fx 
2

 Grouped data

2 i i
s  fi x i2 
fi  1  f i 
 

EXAMPLE 16
4. The following table shows the Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4:
score marks obtained by a
Score Midpoint, x
group of students in
completing a C-programming 0 - 10 2
given by their lecturer. 11 – 20 14
Calculate the variance.
Score Number of 21 – 30 18
Students 31 – 40 4
0 - 10 2 41 – 50 3
11 – 20 14 Step 5: Sum

21 – 30 18 Step 6: Compute the variance.

31 – 40 4
41 – 50 3
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PRACTICE 8
1. A ream of paper is labelled as containing 4. Following are the 2005 earnings (in thousands of
500 sheets. The sheets were counted in
random sample of 12 reams with the
following results:
483, 490, 493, 496, 498, 499, 501, 502,
504, 505, 506, 508
Compute the range, sample mean,
variance & standard deviation for the data
set.
2. Calculate the range and standard deviation
for data 6, 12, 15, 4, 10, 18, 16, 8.
3. The ages of 10 randomly selected students
from a class are 21, 19, 27, 29, 19, 25, 21,
22, and 30. Determine the standard
deviation of the student’s age.
TECHNICAL MATHEMATICS 3 - IGD 21302
dollars) before taxes for all six employees of a small
company.
48.50 38.40 65.50 22.60 79.80 54.60
Compute variance & standard deviation for these
data.
5. Determine the standard deviation and the variance
for the following data:
a) 4, 8, 5, 12, 7
b) 12.66, 12.71, 12.48, 12.90, 12.78
c) 498, 482, 435, 448, 476, 455
6. The following data is the total expenses (in thousand)
on an experiment made by a local university in a year.
Calculate the mean and variance of the expenses.
253, 104, 633, 57, 500, 201, 43, 380, 467, 162, 220,
302
15
PRACTICE 9
1. Determine the variance and standard 2. By referring to the frequency distribution table
deviation the following data: below.
Data (Class Frequency a) Calculate the variance and standard
Limit) deviation
1–5 6 b) Then determine the range of the data set.
6 – 10 8 Data Frequency
11 – 15 8 2 6
16 – 20 16 3 10
21 – 25 8 4 15
26 - 30 4 5 8
6 3
7 10

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PRACTICE 9
3. Determine the mean, range, variance and 4. The following table of values showing the
standard deviation the following data. number of persons (frequency) reporting the
Class Frequency indicated estimate hours on the Internet.
a) Calculate the variance and standard
30 – 44 250 deviation
45 – 59 225 b) Then determine the range of the data set.
60 – 74 280
Estimate Frequency
75 – 89 127 (hours) (person)
90 – 104 130 0–4 2
105 – 119 102 5–9 9
10 – 14 19
15 – 19 11
20 – 24 6
25 – 29 3

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