PRELUDE PUBLIC SCHOOL

DAYALBAGH, AGRA
(Affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi)

“DRUG dependence”
BIOLOGY PROJECT FILE 2023-24

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Ms. Sheikh Almas Harsh Vardhan

Biology Educator Class XII-Science

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Harsh Vardhan of class XII - Science of Prelude Public School,
Dayalbagh Agra, has successfully completed the Biology Investigatory Project entitled
“Drug Dependence” under my supervision during the academic session 2023-24. All
the works related to the project is done by the candidate herself/himself. The approach
towards the subject has been sincere and scientific.
The progress of the project has been continuously monitored.

Ms. Sheikh Almas Mr. Arvind

Shrivastava
Biology Educator Principal
Prelude Public School Prelude Public
School
 Abstract

Drug abuse, also called substance abuse or chemical abuse, is a disorder that is
characterized by a destructive pattern of using a substance that leads to significant
problems or distress. Teens are increasingly engaging in prescription drug abuse,
particularly narcotics (which are prescribed to relieve severe pain), and stimulant
medications, which treat conditions like attention deficit disorder and narcolepsy.

Any substance, other than food, used in the prevention, diagnosis, all aviation or
treatment of a disease is called a drug. Drug is also known as a medicine.
Generally, the term drugs applied to any stimulating or depressing substance that
can be habituating or addictive. A drug, broadly speaking, can be categorized in
many ways; hard or soft, uppers or downers, addictive or non-addictive, most
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I pay my deep sense of gratitude to Mr Arvind Shrivastav Principal of Prelude Public

School to encourage and provide me the opportunity to prepare this project. I am also
thankful to Co-Ordinator Mr. Sanjay Sharma whose valuable guidance helped me to
complete this project and make it a success.

Then I would like to thank entire Science Department of the Prelude Public School, Agra
who have directly or indirectly cooperated and encouraged under the course of study. Then I
would like to thank my Biology Teacher Ms. Sheikh Almas whose suggestions and
instructions have served as the major contributor towards the completion of the project. I
thank her for whole hearted assistance and scholarly guidance.

Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family for their constant support and providing
me the opportunity and encouragement to pursue my goals.
ose rehabilitation is very d INTRODUCTION

re so we canprevent our se
Addiction is the habitual, physiological, psychological dependence on a substance or
practice which is beyond voluntary control. A person who is habituated to a

eer pressure.
substance or a practice, especially a harmful one, is called an addict. Addiction is a
chronic, progressive and sometimes fatal disorder with both genetic and
environmental roots. It manifests as a compulsion that derives an individual to
continue to behave in a way that is harmful to self and loved ones, despite an intense
desire to halt that behaviour. It is a disease of “more”

-an active addict needs an increasing amount of substance to get high and is unable to
cease usage without painful withdrawal symptoms. This is true whether the addictive
substance is a drug or tobacco or alcohol or a behaviour. Medically, addiction is of
three types :Tobacco Addiction, Alcohol Addiction, Drug Addiction
 Contents
S.No. TOPIC
Page
1. WHAT IS MEANS DRUGS 1
2. HOW DRUG ADDICTION BEGINS ? 2
3. DRUGS ADDICTION 3
4. ALCOHOL 4
5. SHORT - TERM HEALTH EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL 5
6. SHORT - TERM HEALTH EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL 6
7. OPIOIDS 7
8. HEROIN 8
9. SHORT - TERM HEALTH EFFECTS OF HEROIN 9
10. LONG - TERM HEALTH EFFECTS OF HEROIN 10
11. CANNABINOIDS 11
12. SOME SIDE EFFECTS INCLUDE 12-13
13. HALLUCINOGENS 14
14. COCAINE 15-16
15. LOW TO MODERATE DOSES 17
16. HIGHER DOSES 18
17. PREVENTION AND CONTROL 19-22
 What DOES drugs MEAN ?
Any substance, other than food, used in the prevention, diagnosis, all
aviation or treatment of a disease is called a drug.

Meaning of Addiction
Addiction is the habitual, psychological and physiological dependence on
a substance or practice. Which is beyond voluntary control. A person who
is habituated to a substance or a practice, especially a harmful one, is
called an addict.
 How drug addiction Begins ?

There are many factors that lead people to drug addiction.

 Curiosity  Looking for a Different World

 Friend’s pressure  Relief from Pain

 Frustration and Depression  Family History

 Desire for More Work :  Excitement and Adventure

 Drugs Addiction
Tabocco:-
Tobacco is used for smoking, chewing and snuffing. Nicotine synthesis occurs in
the roots of the plant but it is stored in the leaves. The leaves contain 2 to 8%
nicotine. Smokers may develop a physiological craving for nicotine and then they
cannot give up smoking.
Effect of Nicotine
 Nicotine is a low concentration.
 Stimulates conduction of nerve impulses.
 Relaxes the muscles.
 Releases adrenaline, increasing heart beat rate and pressure.
 Increased blood pressure due to smoking chances the risk of heart diseases.
 Retards foetal growth in expecting mothers and

NICOTIANA TABACUM
Causes tobacco addiction. High concentration of nicotine paralyses nerve cells.
 Besides the poisonous nicotine, the tobacco smoke contains carbonmonoxide,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tar
 Alcohol
Sources:-
Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, flammable, colourness liquid having a penetrating odour
and burning taste. It is one of the products of the distillation of fermented grains, fruit
juices and starches with the help of yeast enzymes.
Modes of Use
Alcohol is taken in low concentration, as the beer, toddy and wine and in relatively high
concentration as arrack, brandy, whisky, rum, gin, vodka etc

How alcohol affects your health

Many of us drink alcohol to relax and socialise. Alcohol can be part of a healthy lifestyle
if you drink in moderation and also exercise and have a good diet. But drinking too much
can affect your physical and mental health.
Short - term health effects of alcohol

 Dizziness  Memory loss

 Lack of judgement  Vomiting

 Loss of coordination  Headaches and hangovers

 Long - term health effects of alcohol
It can lead to dependence and addiction, especially in people who have
depression or anxiety, and can increase your risk of suicide.
 Brain: Drinking too much can affect your concentration, judgement, mood and
memory.
 Heart: Heavy drinking increases your blood pressure and can lead to heart damage and
heart attacks
 Liver: Drinking 3 to 4 standard drinks a day increases your risk of developing liver
cancer. Long-term heavy drinking also puts you at increased risk of liver cirrhosis
(scarring) and death.
 Stomach: Drinking even 1 to 2 standard drinks a day increases your risk of stomach
and bowel cancer, as well as stomach ulcers.
 Fertility: Regular heavy drinking reduces men's testosterone levels, sperm count and
fertility. For women, drinking too much can affect their periods.
 OPIOIDS
Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-
like effects. Medically they are primarily used for pain relief, including
anaesthesia. Opioids are the drugs, which bind to specific opioid receptors
present in our central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. Heroin
commonly called smack is chemically diacetylmorphine which is a white,
odourless, better crystalline compound. This is obtained by acetylation of
morphine, which is extracted from the latex of poppy plant Papaver
somniferum. Generally taken by snorting and injection, heroin is a
depressant and slow down body functions.

STRUCTURE OF MORPHINE
 HEROIN
Heroin can be a white or brown powder, or a black
sticky substance known as black tar heroin. Other
common names for heroin include big H, horse,
hell dust, and smack People inject, sniff, snort, or
smoke heroin. Some people mix heroin with crack
cocaine, a practice called speed balling. Heroin
enters the brain rapidly and binds to opioid
receptors on cells located in many areas, especially
those involved in feelings of pain and pleasure
and in controlling heart rate, sleeping, and
breathing. PAPAVER SOMINIFERUM
 SHORT - TERM HEALTH EFFECTS OF
HEROIN
Dry mouth  Severe itching

Warm  Clouded mental functioning

flushing of the skin
Heavy  Going "on the nod," a back-
feeling in the arms
and-forth state of being
and legs
conscious and semiconscious
Nausea and vomiting
 Long - term health effects of Heroin
 Insomnia
 Abscesses (swollen tissue
filled with pus)
 Collapsed veins for people who
inject the drug
 Constipation and stomach
 Damaged tissue inside the nose
cramping
for people who sniff or snort it
 Liver and kidney disease
 Infection of the heart lining and
valves
 Cannabinoids
Cannabinoids are the most widely abused drugs
in the world after alcohol. These drugs are
gaining legal acceptance, but are still
dangerous. Cannabinoids are drugs that share
active agents found in Cannabis (Marijuana) or
were synthetically developed from those drugs

STRUCTURE OF A CANNABIS
MOLECULE
 Some side effects include
Rapid heart beat Low blood pressure

Dizziness
Paranoia

Depression
Panic attacks

Hallucination
Food craving
 These are a group chemicals, which interact with
cannabinoid receptors present principally in brain

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 Hallucinogens

ATROPA BELLADONNA DATURA

 They induces Hallucinations and change ones behaviour, feelings and
perception without any actual sensory stimulant.
 They are used in religious ceremonies.
 Clinical uses:- None
 Examples:- Atropa belladonna, datura
 COCAINE
Cocaine is a white powdery
substance that reacts with the
body’s central nervous system,
producing energy and euphoria. It
is most commonly snorted, but
can also be smoked (also known
as “freebasing”) or dissolved in
water and injected. Cocaine is
also referred to as coke, blow or
powder. Cocaine is a highly
addictive drug that ups your
levels of alertness, attention, and
energy. You may hear it called a
stimulant. It’s made from the coca
plant, which is native to South
ERYTHROXYLEM COCA
America. Coca alkaloid or
cocaine is obtained from coca
plant, Erythroxylum coca, a
 Cocaine, commonly called coke or crock is usually
snorted.
 It interferes with the transport of the neuro-transmitter
dopamine.
 It has a potent stimulating action on central nervous
system, producing a scene of euphoria(felling of well
being) and increased energy.
 Excessive dosage of cocaine causes hallucinations.
 LOW TO MODERATE DOSES

 Immediate rush, feelings of  Increased libido

euphoria
 Anxiety, agitation and panic
 Feelings of invincibility increased body temperature
 A sense of wellbeing  Increased strength and energy
 Increased talkativeness or  Indifference to pain and
quiet contemplation and localised pain relief.
rapture
 Higher doses
 Anxiety  Rapid and weak pulse

 Sleep disorders  Chest pain

 Paranoia  Heart attack

 Tremors and muscle twitches  Kidney failure

 Nausea and vomiting  Hypothermia (low body temperature)

 Prevention and Control
‘Prevention is better than cure’ Tobacco, drug/alcohol abuses are during
young adolescent age. Thus remedial measures should be taken well in
time. In this regard, parents and teachers have a special responsibility.
The following measures would be particularly useful for prevention
and control of alcohol and drug abuse in adolescents.

 Avoid undue peer pressure -Every child has his/her own choice and
personality, which should be respected and nurtured. A child should
not be pushed unduly to perform beyond his/her threshold limits be it
studies, sports or other activities.
 Education and counselling - Educating and counselling
him/her to face problems and stresses, and to accept
disappointments and failures as a part of life. It would
also be worthwhile to channelize the child’s energy into
healthy pursuits like sports, reading, music, yoga and
other extracurricular activities.

 Seeking help from parents and peers -help from parents

and peers should be sought immediately so that they can
guide appropriately. Help may even be sought from
close and trusted friends. Besides getting proper advise
to sort out their problems, this would help young to vent
their feelings of anxiety and guilt.
 Looking for danger signs - Alert parents and teachers
need to look for and identify the danger signs
discussed above. Even friends, if they find someone
using drugs or alcohol, should not hesitate to bring
this to the notice of parents or teacher in the best
interests of the person concerned. Appropriate
measures would then be required to diagnose the
malady and the underlying causes. This would help in
initiating proper remedial steps or treatment.
 Seeking professional and medical help -A lot of help is
available in the form of highly qualified psychologists,
psychiatrists, and dead diction and rehabilitation
programmes to help individuals who have
unfortunately got in the quagmire of drug/alcohol
abuse. With such help, the affected individual with
sufficient efforts and will power , can get rid of the
problem completely and lead a perfectly normal and
healthy life