Mitosis

By:
Ralph Jan Palmes
Reyshane Labiang
Angel Ann Panizales
Trisha May Planco
Shyne Villanueva
 What is Mitosis?
01 03
A period of continuous
Also known as activity necessary for the
karyokinesis survival of all eukaryotic
organisms.
02 04
A type of cell division Divided into a series of
done by most of our body phases
parts
 Phases of Mitosis (PMAT)
Prometaphase

Metaphase
Prophase

Anaphase

Cytokinesis
Telophase
 Prophase

● “The First Phase”

● Nuclear envelope breaks down
● Necleolus disappears
● Chromosomes condense and become
visible
● Spindle fibers emerge from centrosome
 Prometaphase
Chromosome
• “the first change phase”
• Chromosomes continue to
condense
• Kinetochores appear at the
centromeres
• Mitotic spindle/ spindle
fibers attach to
kinetochore
• Centrosomes move
toward the opposite poles
 Metaphase
• the "change phase"
• The nuclear membrane disintegrates, and the spindle fibers
fully form.
• Chromosomes, consisting of two sister chromatids, line up
along the equatorial plane (also known as the metaphase
plate) of the cell.
• the sister chromatids are tightly attached to each other by
cohesin protiens.
• At this time, the chromosomes are maximally condensed
• Metaphase serves as a checkpoint to ensure proper
chromosome alignment before proceeding to the next phase.
Anaphase
● the sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled
towards opposite ends of the cell.
● The protein “glue” that holds the sister chromatids together is
broken down, allowing them to separate. Each is now its own
chromosome.
● The chromosomes of each pair are pulled towards opposite ends
of the cell.
● Microtubules not attached to chromosomes elongate and push
apart, separating the poles and making the cell longer.
● All of these processes are driven by motor proteins, molecular
machines that can “walk” along microtubule tracks and carry a
cargo.
● motor proteins carry chromosomes or other microtubules as they
walk.
 Telophase

● "distance phase"

● Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles begin to

decondense

● Nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of

chromosomes

● The mitotic spindle breaks down

 Cytokinesis
● Follows right after the last phase of mitosis

● Cell division is completed

● Cytoplasm divides and forms 2 new identical cells

● Animal Cell: A cleavage furrow separates the cells

● Plant Cell: A cell plate separates the cells

● signals the start of a new cellular generation.

● helps in maintaining the accuracy of cell division.

● Essential for cell viability

 Summary
Phase Description
Prophase Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the
mitotic spindle forms

Prometaphase The chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers and begin to move towards the center of the cell

Metaphase The chromosomes align at the equator of the cell, forming the metaphase plate

Anaphase The sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell

Telophase The chromosomes reach the poles of the cell, the nuclear envelope reforms, and the
chromosomes begin to decondense

Cytokinesis The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two daughter cells with identical genetic material
 Mitosis vs meiosis
MITOSIS
• Produces genetically identical cells
• Results in diploid chromosome
number
• Results in diploid cells
• Takes place throughout the
organisms' life time Produces two
new cells
• Involved in asexual reproduction
MEOISIS
• Produces genetically unique cells
• Results in haploid cells
• Produces four new cells
• Results in haploid chromosome
number
• Takes place only during the
reproductive years of the
organism
• Involved in sexual reproduction
 Basic differences mitosis - meiosis

Mitosis Meiosis
Type of reproduction Asexual Sexual

Count of daughter cells 2 daughters 4 daughters

Altered number of chromosomes Same Halved

Count of cell division cycles 1 division 2 divisions

 Importance of Mitosis

• Development and growth

-After meiosis has produced a gamete, and this has fused with another gamete to form an
embryo, the embryo grows using mitosis. This growth continues throughout an organism’s life,
in plants, animals, and fungi. In this way, the original chromosomal set is preserved.

• Cell replacement
-This occurs when the original cell is damaged or wounded. New cells are created to replace
those that were damaged. Examples of this are the healing of a cut or a broken bone. When
old cells die, new ones replace them to ensure continuing functionality.
 Importance of Mitosis
• Asexual reproduction

-Single-celled organisms and certain multicellular organisms use mitosis for asexual
reproduction. This includes reproduction by fragmentation, as in the case of planaria,
and reproduction by budding, as in the case of sea anemones. Many plants reproduce
using mitosis.

In conclusion, mitosis is the process of asexual cell replication that is responsible for
an organism’s development and growth, including cell replacement, and in certain
organisms, asexual reproduction. Mitosis is an integral part of eukaryotic functioning.
 DID YOU KNOW?
In 1887, the German anatomy biologist Walther Flemming
coined the term “mitosis” which comes from the greek word
(mitos) which means “warp thread” and (osis) which means
“act or process”. This term was based on the warped
thread appearance of the chromatin in the cell’s nucleus in
the first stages of mitosis.
 Thanks!
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