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Boiling and Condensation
Boiling and Condensation
• depend on the latent heat of vaporization hfg of the fluid and the
surface tension at the liquid–vapor interface, in addition to the
properties of the fluid in each phase.
• a constant temperature and constant pressure process
hb 0.62
D V ( T X )
If effect of radiation is considered, then
h hb (hb / h)1/3 hR OR h hb 0.75 hR
(TW4 TL4 )
hR
(TW TL )
November 24, 2023 6
5. Simplified Correlations
i. Horizontal Surface
Q
h 1042(TX )1/3 16 kW / m 2
A
Q
h 5.56(TX ) 3
16 240 kW / m 2
A
ii. Vertical Surface
Q
h 537(TX )1/7 3 kW / m 2
A
Q
h 7.96(TX ) 3
3 63 kW / m 2
A
hp h1 ( p / p1 )0.4
November 24, 2023 7
iii. Forced convection local boiling inside Vertical Tube:
h 2.54 (TX )3 exp( p /1.551) W/m 2 0C
This is valid in pressure range 5 to 170 atm.
Qualitative variation of the heat transfer coefficient h and flow regime with quality
for internal convective boiling in a horizontal tube at moderate wall superheat.
November 24, 2023 10
Definations of some basic terms:
a) Void Fraction ε AG
q A
*x
hL
For liquid phase corresponding void fraction
z
hf AL
1
A
AG
m
AL
b) Volume Fraction ε AG z
q Az
VG
*x
hL
V
z
For Liquid
mL
1 X *
m
November 24, 2023 13
e) Mean velocity of Vapour and Liquid
mG X m X m ''
* *
VG
G AG G A G
mL (1 X * ) m (1 X * ) m ''
VL
L AL L (1 ) A L (1 )
f) Slip factor
VG X * 1 L
S
VL 1 X *
G
V G
*
*
L
* V G (1 * ) V L * (1 * )
G
November 24, 2023 15
Prove that Volumetric Quality ε* = Void Fraction ε, when S = 1
Solution:
When S = 1, VG= VL
*
V G
V
VG AG
VG AG VL AL
AG
A
1
4
D
Solution:
VG X * 1 L
S
VL 1 X *
G
*
But X*
L
(1 )
* *
G
X* * G
*
1 X 1 L
*
* G 1 L * 1
S * S *
1 L
G 1
November 24, 2023 18
Condensation
1. Introduction
2. Condensation: Filmwise and Dropwise
dx
dx
y δ-y
δ
vg(δ-y)dx
du dx
dy g(δ-y)dx
Tg
Ts
dx
Let us choose a small element as shown in fig.
δ-y
g ( y)dx = du dx v g ( y)dx
dy
November 24, 2023 23
For no-slip condition, at y=0, u=0. Integrating
1 y2
u ( v ) g ( y )
2
The rate of heat transfer at the wall in the area dx for unit width
dt (Tg Ts )
Q kA( ) y0 k (dx *1)
dy
( v ) g 2 d (Tg Ts )
x h fg k dx
Thus δ with boundary conditions; x=0, δ=0
0.25
4 kx(Tg Ts )
gh ( )
fg v
Nu x
k 4 k (Tg Ts )
0.25
gh fg ( v ) x
3
Nu x 0.707
k (T T )
g s
0.25
gh fg ( v ) L
3
The average value of Nusselt Number, Nu L 0.943
k (T T )
g s
1/3
( v )k g 3
h 0.0077 Re 0.4
2
November 24, 2023 29
6. Condensation of Superheated Vapour
The amount of heat removed per kg of condensing superheated vapour is
h 'fg h fg C p (T ' Tg )
0.25
gh ( v ) L
'
fg
3
The average value of Nusselt Number, Nu L 0.943
k (T T )
g s
7. The effect of Non-condensable Gases and the Vapour Velocity
* ‘h’ decreases & varies almost linearly with mass fraction.
* Non condensable gases acts as a thermal resistance.
* Change in vapour velocity give rise to shearing stress at interface.
* For upward vapour flow the thickness of film increases and v. v.v
* At high velocity transition from laminar to turbulent occurs at
Re=300.
November 24, 2023 30
8. Improvement of ‘h’ in Filmwise Condensation
* Decreasing the liquid film thickness.
* By inducing turbulence.
-finned tube and rough surfaces
* Extracting non-condensable gases.
Nu 0.725
[ k (Tg Ts )]
where D is outside diaeter of cylinder.
Nu x hx 4.45 kW/m 2 K
k 4 k (Tg Ts )
Average heat transfer coefficient = hL=(4/3)hx=5.934 kW/m2K
Total heat flow rate Q = h L A( T ) 28.48 kW
The mass of condensate, m Q / h fg 45.47 kg / hr
November 24, 2023 36
Boiling