Unit 5

• Materials and Cycles on

earth

Climate Training Kit. Module Youth: Let’s LEARN

What is atom

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Parts of atom

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 Properties of an atom

• Atoms are composed of three elementary

particles: protons, electrons , and neutrons.
• The atom's nucleus (center) contains the protons
(positively charged) and neutrons (without charge).
• The atom's outermost regions are called electron
shells, which contain (negative charged) electrons.

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• Atoms are indivisible particles, which cannot be created
or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
• Atoms of a given element are identical in mass and
chemical properties.
• Atoms of different elements have different masses and
chemical properties. Atoms combine in the ratio of
small whole numbers to form compounds

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ATOM DISCOVERY

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 Thomson’s atomic model

• According to Thomson's atomic model, an atom is

made up of a positively charged sphere into which
negatively charged electrons are implanted.
Because electrons and protons have the same
magnitude, an atom as a whole is electrically neutra

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 Rutherford’s atomic model

• Rutherford's model proposed that the negatively

charged electrons surround the nucleus of an
atom. He also claimed that the electrons surrounding
the nucleus revolve around it with very high speed in
circular paths. He named these circular paths as orbits.

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Ernest Rutherford’s experiment

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• A piece of gold foil was hit with alpha particles, which
have a positive charge.
• Most alpha particles went right through. This showed
that the gold atoms were mostly empty space.
• Some alpha particles were deflected slightly,
suggesting interactions with other positively charged
particles within the atom.
• Still other alpha particles were scattered at large
angles, while a very few even bounced back toward the
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• Only a positively charged and relatively heavy target
particle, such as the proposed nucleus, could account
for such strong repulsion. The negative electrons that
balanced electrically the positive nuclear charge were
regarded as traveling in circular orbits about the
nucleus.

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What were four discoveries of Rutherford
experiment ?
• Ernest Rutherford is the father of nuclear chemistry and
nuclear physics. He discovered and named the atomic
nucleus, the proton, the alpha particle, and the beta
particle.

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Pure Elements

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Pure substances by state of matter

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Climate Training Kit. Module Youth: Let’s LEARN
How purity of element is calculated ?

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 17/nov c.w Thursday
TOPIC : percentage purity
• Q: The total mass of the substance is 15 g. The mass
of the pure substance is 13.5 g.
• To calculate the percentage purity:
• 13.5/15 multiplied by 100
• Percentage purity= 90%

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 Sea/ ocean water quality and purity

• Marine water quality refers to the presence or

absence of any number of pollutants in ocean
waters. Some of the more important pollutants include
oil, sedimentation, sewage, nutrients, heavy metals,
and thermal pollution. Water quality monitoring relies
on taking a suite of measurements of ocean water.

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 Three grades of sea water

there are three different types of water: utility

grade, working grade, and drinking water

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Climate Training Kit. Module Youth: Let’s LEARN
 Overview

1. Introduction
2. What causes climate change?
3. Hazards and impacts

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Introduction

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 Weather

• Weather refers to conditions

like rain, temperature and
wind over hours to days

• LOOK out the window now.

What is the weather like?

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 Climate

• Climate refers to average

weather conditions over a
long period of time (30+ years)

• THINK about what the

weather is normally like on
your birthday? - Is it normally
dry or wet / hot or cold?

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 Climate change

• Climate change is a statistically

significant change in the state of the
climate (average weather) that
persists for an extended period of
time (decades or longer)

– ASK an elder what the weather

was normally like 30 years ago, in
your birthday month? Has it
changed?
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 21/nov c.w
• What are difference between climate and weather
changes.
• Ans : climate
.a- climate is environmental
Changes of particular area that
remain for decades
b- it is average weather
Monday
weather
a- weather is change
in environment that
remain for some time
b- it is current change
of weather.
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What causes climate
change?

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 The greenhouse effect
• Sunlight passes through the atmosphere
to earth
• At earth’s surface it’s reflected back
through the atmosphere to space
• However! After it is reflected, greenhouse
gases can trap heat in the atmosphere
• We call this process the greenhouse
effect; as it is similar to a greenhouse
• Greenhouse gases act like a big blanket
around the earth, trapping heat
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 Greenhouse gases

• Greenhouse gases trap heat from the

sun in the atmosphere, after it is
reflected from earth
• Greenhouse gases occur naturally in
the atmosphere
• Without them, the earth would be very
cold – about minus 18°C ! All water on
earth would freeze, the oceans would
turn to ice and life as we know it would
not exist
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 Human activity

• Over the last 100 years, since the

industrial revolution, greenhouse
gases have rapidly increased in the
atmosphere
• This is due to human activities
which release greenhouse gases
• Electricity from coal or diesel
generators and industry or pollution
from factories contribute the most
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 22/nov c.w Tuesday

• Q: Why we compare green house effect to the “ green house “ ?

• Ans : we compare the green house phenomenon with a” green house “
because as green house is acting like a big blanket which is stopping the
rays to go back to atmosphere once they get entrapped into it (enabling
the growth of baby plants) , green house gasses are acting n same way
i.e stopping the sun rays to go back to atmosphere thus increasing the
temparature of planet Earth .
• Q: What are green house gases . Can you name some ?
• Ans : Green house gases are gases which cause green house effects .
Major example is “ CFC’s” ( chloro-floro-corbons )

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 Global warming
• More greenhouse gases trap more heat in the
atmosphere, leading to global warming
• Since 1880, global temp has increased by almost
1°C
• How much this rises depends on how much more
greenhouse gas is released
• Temp could rise by almost 5°C by 2100 (IPCC, AR5).
However, countries around the world agreed to keep
this below 2°C
• Humans have added so much greenhouse gas to
the atmosphere, that even if all emissions stopped
today, the planet would still continue to warm for
decades to come
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 1°C or 2°C warmer sounds small?

• 1°C or 2°C - might not sound like much, but think

about what happens when your body temperature is
increased by 1 or 2 degrees?
• You would immediately fall sick and get a fever

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 Global warming & the water cycle
• Global warming intensifies the water cycle
• Higher temps increase evaporation of water from
sea, lakes, rivers
• Warmer air holds more water vapour, resulting in
more intense rainstorms. This can lead to flooding
• More floods where water runs off into rivers and
streams, does little to dampen the soil. This and
increased temps can lead to drought
• Weather patterns across the world are effected
over time
• This results in CLIMATE CHANGE

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• What is global warming
• What are causes of global warming
• Is even 1 degree rise in temp is effecting the earth

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Hazards and impacts

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 Climate change, hazards &
impacts
• Climate Change is exacerbating a range of weather related
hazards around the world
• Climate change makes some hazards more frequent
• Climate change makes some hazards more intense
• These hazards impact people around the world

• The same hazard can have different impacts for different

people – see Let’s Act to find out more

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 Scientists project:
• Temperature increase (0.3 – 4.8°C by 2100)
• Heat waves - more often and last longer
• Extreme precipitation events (rain, snow)
- more often and more intense
• Precipitation increases in wet regions
• Precipitation decreases in dry regions
• Increase in tropical cyclone wind speeds
• Decreased snow / ice extent
• Rising sea level
• Warming and acidification of oceans Source: IPCC 2014, AR5
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 24/nov c.w Thursday
Topic : impacts of climate changes
• Q : How oceans are being acidified ?
• Ans : Acid rains and waste products of factories and industries which is
becoming part of oceans is causing the oceans to acidify .
• Q: what is acid rain
• Ans : gases like chlorine , florine and nitrates which are forming a blanket
in our atmosphere , when react with the rain , falling from clouds results in
acid rain .
• Q: why every person or specie reacts differently to climate changes .
• Ans : Every person and every specie is reacting differently to climate
change depending upon their genetic makeup which as result decides
their resistant to different environmental changes . Some species have
become endangered or has been extinct . Others have adopted
themselves to new changes .
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 Here are some climate
& weather events impacted by
climate change

Can you guess which hazards & impacts they

might relate to?
Climate Training Kit. Module Youth: Let’s LEARN
CH
Changing seasons
HA IMP
AN ZA AC
GIN RD TS
E S
SE
AS
ON
S

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 Drier & longer droughts
D H IM
R A P
O Z A
U A C
G R T
H D S
T S

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 28 /nov c.w Monday
TOPIC : DROUGHTS AND DRIER AIR
• Q : how drier air is causing the desertification of a particular
area ?
• Ans : Drier areas will convert a particular area into desert due
to following two impacts :
• shortage of water
• soil erosion due to wind
hence the drier area will make the area dry as water shortage
will appear and this dry land is more prone to wind erosion and
thus wind is going to remove he upper fertile layers of soil
leaving the sandy soil layer exposed which will later turn into
desert . Climate Training Kit. Module Youth: Let’s LEARN
 Increased temperatures &
heat waves
HIG
H IM
H A P
TE
MP
Z A
& A C
HE
AT
R T
WA D S
VE
S
S

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 Melting glaciers & polar ice
ME
LTI
H IM
NG A P
GL
ACI
Z A
ER A C
S&
PO
R T
LA D S
R
ICE
S

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 29/nov c.w Tuesday
• Q : Why glaciers are important for planet Earth ?
• ANS : glaciers and polar ice are responsible for reflecting the sun rays
thus keeping the temperature of EARTH, optimum ( in balance ) .
• Q : what are reasons of excessive flooding ?
• Ans : Melting of glaciers are causing the rise in sea levels thus causing
the excessive floods .
• Q : how heat waves are causing the shortage of water ?
• Ans : Increased temperature is causing the evaporation of water from
oceans and even from the soil thus leading to water shortage and
droughts .

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 Sea level rise
SE HA IMP
A ZA AC
LE RD TS
VE S
L
RIS
E

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 More intense rainfall &
increased likelihood of floods
F H I
L A M
O Z P
O A A
D R C
S D T
S S

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 Extreme winds
& stronger storms
EX
TR
H IM
EM A P
E
WI
Z A
ND A C
S&
ST
R T
OR D S
MS S

Climate Training Kit. Module Youth: Let’s LEARN

 30/nov c.w Wednesday

• Q: what is land sliding ?

• ANS : land sliding is movement of piece of land particularly pieces of
rocks and erupting mountains which move down the slope or higher
altitudes.
• Q : What are causes of land sliding ?
• Ans : land sliding is caused due to flash floods, earth quacks and volcano
eruption . All these phenomenon makes the earth surface to leave its
place and declump thus moving down the slope
• Q:what are flash floods ?
• Ans : flash floods are the sudden floods due to sudden heavy rainfalls or
hurricane .
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 What can we do?

Climate Change Mitigation: Action taken to stop climate change by

reducing the amount of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere

Climate Change Adaptation: Action taken to deal with climate change

impacts and reduce the effects on lives, livelihoods and ecosystems

Take a look at ‘Let’s ACT!’ section of the youth

unit to find out more about what YOU can do

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