Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction To Microeconomics - Lecture 1
Introduction To Microeconomics - Lecture 1
Introduction To Microeconomics - Lecture 1
SCHOOL OF BUSINESS
INTRODUCTION TO MICROECONOMICS
Introduction to Microeconomics
The Nature and Scope of Economics
Definitions of Economics
Economics – As Science
Economics As an Art
Branches of Economics
Positive Economics Versus Normative Economics
The Ten Basic Principles of Economics
Fundamental Concepts
There are several things people want or desire to have in life. These
could include having access to basic necessities such as food , shelter,
water, clothing, good health care, and so on.
Since human wants are many, individuals make choices as they try to
achieve their wants / desires and needs.
The main issue is that, human beings by nature want more of virtually
everything which results in two main economic problems of:
a. Unlimited human wants
b. Scarcity of resources to satisfy these numerous wants.
Economists again analyze forces and trends that affect the economy as a
whole, including the growth in average income, the number of the
population that cannot find work, and the rate at which prices are rising.
BBA 111 Lecture One
Definitions of Economics
Over time, the subject of Economics has evolved and for that matter several
economists have defined it in different ways based on their understanding from
different perspectives.
For instance;
a. Adam Smith (1723 -1790) defines Economics as “An Enquiry into Nature and
Causes of Wealth of Nations (1976).
He explained how a nation’s wealth is created through production, distribution,
consumption and exchange of wealth.
BBA 111 Lecture One
Definitions of Economics
Smith considered wealth acquisition as the main goal of human activity, and
states that the individual is only interested in promoting his own self-
interest.
He says that, it is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or
the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own
interest.
ii. Economics studies both individual and social actions which are aimed at
promoting the economic welfare of people.
iii. Marshall again distinguishes material things such as houses, cars, books,
jewellery etc from non material things such as love, leisure, technology,
skills of labour.
Marshall’s definition considered mainly material things that are capable of
improving
BBAthe
111welfare of human beings.
Lecture One
Definitions of Economics
Scarce resources have Alternative Uses. This implies that the available resources
can be put to varied uses.
Robbins definition was also criticized mainly because: He does not make any
distinction between goods conducive to human welfare and goods that are not
conducive to human welfare. He failed to cover the concept of economic growth
and development.
BBA 111 Lecture One
Definitions of Economics
d. Paul Samuelson is another economist whose definition has been widely
accepted in recent times. He defines economics as:
“the study of how men and society choose, with or without the use of money, to
employ scarce productive resources which could have alternative uses, to
produce various commodities over time, and distribute them for consumption,
now and in the future among various people and groups of society.”
Apart from the above given definitions, there are other Economists who
continue to define the subject based on their viewpoints.
Economics as a science adopts two methods for the discovery of its laws and principles
and they are deductive method and inductive method. These methods are two forms of
logic and help establish truth.
Deductive Method: Deduction infers reasoning from general to particular, that is, it
commences with certain principles that are self-evident or based on strict observations.
For instance, ‘Ghanaian traders earn profit in their businesses’ is a general statement
which is accepted even without verifying it with the traders.
Inductive Method: This is the process of reasoning from particular to general, that is, it
commences with the observation of certain facts and thereafter formulates laws and
theorems on the basis of observed facts.
• For example, data on household poverty in Ghana is collected; classified, analyzed and
important conclusions are drawn out from the results.
1. Decisions made by economic agents always involve tradeoffs and opportunity costs.
2. The true cost of a commodity is what one gives up to acquire that commodity
9. General Price level increases when government prints too much money.
Trade allows each person to specialize in the activities he or she does best,
whether it is farming, sewing, or home building. Through trading people can
buy a greater variety of goods and services at lower cost. Trade allows
countries to specialize in what they do best and to enjoy a greater variety of
goods and services.
General Price level increases when government prints too much money:
Use real life examples to illustrate the following economic principlesː- i)Agents
always respond to incentives ii) Decisions of agents are taken at the margins.
Explain these three key economic ideas: i. People are rational; ii. People respond to
economic incentives; iii. Optimal decisions are made at the margin.
Carefully delineate descriptive economics, economic theory and applied
economics.
Scarcity; a situation in which unlimited wants exceed the limited resources available to
fulfill those wants. Simply put, individuals have numerous wants but limited resources so
they have to make choices as to which to satisfy.
Choice; choice is the art of selecting from an array of alternatives under conditions of
scarcity. In economics, people make choices predicated on the principle of rationality. In
other words, they seek the alternative which represents not only the optimum use of the
scarce resources but that which responds to their most pressing need or want.
Scale of Preference; is defined as the list of wants arranged in the order of their relative
importance or priority. The most pressing want comes first and the least pressing want
comes last.
Opportunity Cost;
Opportunity cost arises due to scarcity and choice. Since there are unlimited wants
and not enough resources to satisfy them, there is the need to choose among the
alternatives.
Opportunity cost is therefore the next best alternative forgone in order to acquire
another want.
Suppose a student has to choose between two alternatives such as ‘attending a lecture’
or ‘watching a movie’ at the same hour, but this student actually attends the lecture,
then the opportunity cost of this action is watching a movie.
This simply means that the student gave up the opportunity to watch a
movie in order to attend the lecture. In this way, the opportunity cost is
the value of the lost opportunity, that is, the excitement of watching a
movie in the case of this student.
i.when resources are in abundance such that all needs are satisfied
without choice making.
ii. When a resource has only one use or has no alternative use or purpose
Full employment is when all available labour resources are being used in
the most efficient way possible.
Full employment includes the highest amount of skilled and unskilled
labor that can be employed within an economy at any given time.
The PPF refers to the maximum combinations of goods and services which an economy
can produce efficiently using its available resources and given technology within a period
of time.
The following are the assumptions underlying the PPF:
The economy devotes all its available resources and given technology to produce two
commodities.
The economy has fixed amount of resources and a given level of technology.
The economy employs the best-known techniques of production.
Resources in the economy are fully employed.
A production possibilities table lists the different combinations of two products that
can be produced with a specific set of resources (and with full employment and
productive efficiency).
a. full employment
b. productive efficiency
The PPF sets up a boundary between those goods and services that can be produced
from those that cannot.
Any point on the frontier such as E and any point inside the PPF such as Z are
attainable.
At such a point, it is possible to produce more of one good without producing less of
the other good.
At Z, resources are either unemployed or misallocated.
On this PPF, we must give up some cola to get more pizzas or we must give up some
pizzas to get more cola.
BBA 111 Lecture One
Production Possibilities and Opportunity Cost
forgone
In moving from E to F:
The quantity of pizzas increases by 1 million.
In moving from F to E:
The quantity of cola increases by 5 million cans.
The opportunity cost of the first 5 million cans of cola is 1 million pizzas.
The opportunity cost of producing a can of cola is the inverse of the opportunity
cost of producing a pizza.
𝑌1 𝑌1
0 𝑋1 𝑋2 X 0 𝑋1 𝑋2 X
Outward Shift of PPC from 𝑋1 𝑌1 to Inward Shift of PPC from 𝑋2 𝑌2 to
𝑋2 𝑌2 depicts availability of more 𝑋1 𝑌1 depicts depletion of resources or
resources or improvement in obsolete technology. This shows that
technology. This tends to show an the economy experiences recession or
economic growth. contraction.
Y
𝑌1
0 𝑋1 𝑋2 X 0 X X
Here, the economy is more efficient in Here, the economy is more efficient in
the production of commodity X. the production of commodity Y.
Define the production possibilities frontier and use it to calculate opportunity cost
Unattainable points
BBA 111 Lecture One
REFERENCES
Anaman E.A., (2019). Introduction to Microeconomics. Abundant Grace Printing and Stationery.
Begg, D, Fischer S and Dornbusch, R.(1994).Economics. 4th Edition, McGraw Hill Inc UK
Chacoliades, M(1986) .Microeconomics.4th ed, Macmillan Publishing Hill Co. New York.
Frank,H and Bernanke.(2004):Principles of Microeconomics;2nd Edition ,New York: McGraw-Hill.
Lipsey, R and Crystal, A.(2007).Economics.11th Ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
McConnell and Brue,S (2002).Economics: Principles, Problems and Policies. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, New York.
Mankiw, Gregory (2005). Principles of Microeconomics. 9th Ed. Norton and Co. Inc., New York.3rd Ed. Prentice-Hall International
Inc., New Jersey.
Ofori-Atta, Jones (1998) Introduction to Microeconomics. Woeli Publishers, Accra
Pindyck, R.S. and Rubinfield, D.L.(1995).Microeconomics. 3rded. Prentice-Hall International Inc., New Jersey.
Pomeyie, Paragon (2001).Microeconomics: An Introductory textbook. Wade Laurel Press, Accra.
Essentials ofBBA
Economics, by P. Krugman,
111 Lecture One R. Wells and K. Graddy, Worth Publishers, Second Edition.
END OF FIRST LECTURE