MEE 417

I
Course Lecturer: Dr. T.S. Ogedengbe
temitayo.ogedengbe@nileuniversity.edu.ng
2347032251004
Department of Mechanical Engineering
JOINT TYPES IN MACHINE DESIGN
What is a Joint?
A mechanical joint is a section of a machine which is used to connect one
or more mechanical part to another. Mechanical joints may be temporary
or permanent, most types are designed to be disassembled.

Non-permanent joints can be assembled and dissembled without

damaging the components. Examples of such joints are threaded
fasteners (like screw-joints), keys and couplings etc.

Permanent joints cannot be dissembled without damaging the

components. These joints can be of two kinds depending upon the nature
of force that holds the two parts. The force can be of mechanical origin, for
example, riveted joints, joints formed by press or interference fit e.t.c,
where two components are joined by applying mechanical force.
 Categories of Joints
The following are the various categories of joints available;

Riveted Joints;

Welded Joints;

Screwed Joints; and

Cutter and Knuckle Joints.

Riveted Joints
Methods of Riveting
 Types of Riveted Joints

Lap Joint
A lap joint is that in which one plate overlaps the other and the two plates are
then riveted together.
Butt Joint
A butt joint is that in which the main plates are kept in alignment butting (i.e. touching)
each other and a cover plate (i.e. strap) is placed either on one side or on both sides of
the main plates. The cover plate is then riveted together with the main plates. Butt joints
are of the following two types :

1. Single strap butt joint, and 2. Double strap butt

joint.

In a single strap butt joint, the edges of the main plates butt against each other and only
one cover plate is placed on one side of the main plates and then riveted together.

In a double strap butt joint, the edges of the main plates butt against each other and two
cover plates are placed on both sides of the main plates and then riveted together.
 Important Terms Used in Riveted Joints
The following terms in connection with the riveted joints are important from the
subject point
of view :
1. Pitch. It is the distance from the centre of one rivet to the centre of the next rivet
measured
parallel to the seam as shown in Fig. 9.6. It is usually denoted by p.
2. Back pitch. It is the perpendicular distance between the centre lines of the
successive rows
as shown in Fig. 9.6. It is usually denoted by pb.
3. Diagonal pitch. It is the distance between the centres of the rivets in adjacent rows
of zig-zag
riveted joint as shown in Fig. 9.6. It is usually denoted by pd.
4. Margin or marginal pitch. It is the
distance between the centre of rivet
hole to the nearest edge of the
plate as shown in Fig. 9.6.
It is usually denoted by m.

Fig. 9.6: Single and double riveted lap joints.

 Failures of a Riveted Joint
• Tearing of the plate at an edge. A joint may fail due to tearing of the plate at an edge as
shown in Fig. 9.13. This can be avoided by keeping the margin, m = 1.5d, where d is the
diameter of the rivet hole.

Shearing of the rivets. The plates which are connected by the rivets exert tensile stress on
the rivets, and if the rivets are unable to resist the stress, they are sheared off
 Sample Questions
1. A double riveted lap joint is made between 15 mm thick plates. The rivet diameter
and pitch are 25 mm and 75 mm respectively. If the ultimate stresses are 400 MPa in tension,
320 MPa in shear and 640 MPa in crushing, find the minimum force per pitch which will
rupture the joint.
If the above joint is subjected to a load such that the factor of safety is 4, find out the actual
stresses developed in the plates and the rivets.

2. Find the efficiency of the following riveted joints :

a. Single riveted lap joint of 6 mm plates with 20 mm diameter rivets having a pitch of 50mm.
b. Double riveted lap joint of 6 mm plates with 20 mm diameter rivets having a pitch of 65mm.
Assume
Permissible tensile stress in plate = 120 MPa
Permissible shearing stress in rivets = 90 MPa
Permissible crushing stress in rivets = 180 MPa

3. A double riveted double cover butt joint in plates 20 mm thick is made with
25 mm diameter rivets at 100 mm pitch. The permissible stresses are :
σt = 120 MPa; τ = 100 MPa; σc = 150 MPa
Find the efficiency of joint, taking the strength of the rivet in double shear as twice than that
of single shear.
Welded Joints
Advantages and Disadvantages of Welded Joints over Riveted Joints
 Strength of Transverse Fillet Welded Joints
Tensile Strength for a joint;
• P = Throat area × Allowable tensile stress = 0.707 s × l × σt (single fillet
weld)
• P = 2 × 0.707 s × l × σt = 1.414 s × l × σt (double fillet weld)
where

Strength of Parallel Fillet Welded Joints

A = 0.707 s × l

If τ is the allowable shear stress for the weld metal, then the shear strength of the joint for single
parallel fillet weld,
P = Throat area × Allowable shear stress = 0.707 s × l × τ
and shear strength of the joint for double parallel fillet weld,
P = 2 × 0.707 × s × l × τ = 1.414 s × l × τ
For a combination of a single and parallel fillet weld,
P = 0.707s × l1 × σt + 1.414 s × l2 × τ
 Examples
1. A plate 100 mm wide and 10 mm thick is to be welded to another plate by means of double
parallel fillets. The plates are subjected to a static load of 80 kN. Find the length of weld if the
permissible shear stress in the weld does not exceed 55 MPa.
Solution. Given: *Width = 100 mm ;
Thickness = 10 mm ; P = 80 kN = 80 × 103 N ; τ = 55 MPa = 55 N/mm2
Let l =Length of weld, and s = Size of weld = Plate thickness = 10 mm... (Given)

We know that maximum load which the plates can carry for double parallel fillet weld (P),

80 × 103 = 1.414 × s × l × τ = 1.414 × 10 × l × 55 = 778 l

∴ l = 80 × 103 / 778 = 103 mm

Adding 12.5 mm for starting and stopping of weld run, we have

l = 103 + 12.5 = 115.5 mm Ans.

2. A plate 100 mm wide and 10 mm thick is to be welded with another plate by means of
transverse welds at the ends. If the plates are subjected to a load of 70 kN, find the size of weld
for static as well as fatigue load. The permissible tensile stress should not exceed 70 MPa.
Screwed Joints
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Screwed Joints
Advantages
1. Screwed joints are highly reliable in operation.
2. Screwed joints are convenient to assemble and disassemble.
3. A wide range of screwed joints may be adopted to various operating conditions.
4. Screws are relatively cheap to produce due to standardization and highly efficient
manufacturing processes.
Disadvantages
The main disadvantage of the screwed joints is the stress
concentration in the threaded portions which are vulnerable points under variable
load conditions.
Note : The strength of the screwed joints is not comparable with that of riveted or
welded joints.
1. Major diameter. It is the largest diameter of an external or internal screw thread. The
screw is specified by this diameter. It is also known as outside or nominal diameter.
2. Minor diameter. It is the smallest diameter of an external or internal screw thread. It is also known
as core or root diameter.
3. Pitch diameter. It is the diameter of an imaginary cylinder, on a cylindrical screw thread, the surface
of which would pass through the thread at such points as to make equal the width of the thread and
the width of the spaces between the threads. It is also called an effective diameter. In a nut and bolt
assembly, it is the diameter at which the ridges on the bolt are in complete touch with the ridges of
the corresponding nut.
4. Pitch. It is the distance from a point on one thread to the corresponding point on the next.
This is measured in an axial direction between corresponding points in the same axial plane.
Mathematically,
Pitch =
1
No. of threads per unit length of screw
5. Lead. It is the distance between two corresponding points on the same helix. It may also
be defined as the distance which a screw thread advances axially in one rotation of the nut. Lead is
equal to the pitch in case of single start threads, it is twice the pitch in double start, thrice the pitch in
triple start and so on.
6. Crest. It is the top surface of the thread.
7. Root. It is the bottom surface created by the two adjacent flanks of the thread.
8. Depth of thread. It is the perpendicular distance between the crest and root.
9. Flank. It is the surface joining the crest and root.
10. Angle of thread. It is the angle included by the flanks of the thread.
11. Slope. It is half the pitch of the thread.
Location of Screwed Joints
The choice of type of fastenings and its location are very
important. The fastenings should be located in such a way so
that they will be subjected to tensile and/or shear loads and
bending of the fastening should be reduced to a minimum.
The bending of the fastening due to misalignment, tightening up
loads, or external loads are responsible for many failures. In
order to relieve fastenings of bending stresses, the use of
clearance spaces, spherical seat washers, or other devices may
be used.

1. Through bolts. A through bolt (or simply a bolt) is a cylindrical bar

with threads for the nut at one end and head at the other end. The cylindrical
part of the bolt is known as shank. It is passed through drilled holes in the two
parts to be fastened together and clamped them securely to each other as the
nut is screwed on to the threaded end.
2. Tap bolts. A tap bolt or screw differs from a bolt. It is screwed into a tapped
hole of one of the parts to be fastened without the nut, as shown in Fig. 11.12(b).

3. Studs. A stud is a round bar threaded at both ends. One end of the stud is
screwed into a tapped hole of the parts to be fastened, while the other end
receives a nut on it, as shown in Fig. 11.12(c). Studs are chiefly used instead
of tap bolts for securing various kinds of covers e.g. covers of
engine and pump cylinders, valves, chests etc.
Stresses in Welded Joints
Practice Questions
1. Determine the safe tensile load for a bolt of M 30, assuming a safe tensile stress
of 42 MPa.
Solution. Given : d = 30 mm ; σt = 42 MPa = 42 N/mm2
From Table 11.1 (coarse series), we find that the stress area i.e. cross-sectional
area at the bottom of the thread corresponding to M 30 is 561 mm2.
∴ Safe tensile load = Stress area × σt = 561 × 42 = 23 562 N = 23.562 kN Ans.

2. Two machine parts are fastened together tightly by means of a 24 mm tap bolt.
If the load tending to separate these parts is neglected, find the stress that is set up in
the bolt by the initial tightening.
 Other Stresses in Bolts, Nuts ad Screws.
Tensile stress.
 Shear stress

Combined tension and shear stress.

Practice Questions
1. An eye bolt is to be used for lifting a load of 60 kN. Find the nominal diameter of the
bolt, if the tensile stress is not to exceed 100 MPa. Assume coarse threads.

Solution. Given : P = 60 kN = 60 × 103 N ; σt = 100 MPa = 100 N/mm2

An eye bolt for lifting a load is shown in Fig. 11.22.
Let d = Nominal diameter of the bolt, and dc = Core diameter of the bolt.
We know that load on the bolt (P),
 2. Two shafts are connected by means of a flange coupling to transmit torque of 25 N-m. The
flanges of the coupling are fastened by four bolts of the same material at a radius of 30 mm.
Find the size of the bolts if the allowable shear stress for the bolt material is 30 MPa.
Solution. Given : T = 25 N-m = 25 × 103 N-mm ; n = 4; Rp = 30 mm ; τ = 30 MPa = 30 N/mm2
We know that the shearing load carried by flange coupling,

3. A lever loaded safety valve has a diameter of 100 mm and the blow off pressure is 1.6 N/mm2.
The fulcrum of the lever is screwed into the cast iron body of the cover. Find the diameter of the
threaded part of the fulcrum if the permissible tensile stress is limited to 50 MPa and the leverage
ratio is 8.
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