HYPERTROPHIC OR

HYPERPLASTIC SYMPTOMS

PRESENTED BY
ALEGRE, ARA MAY
AVILLA, MICHAEL LUIS
BEBIDA, ZAIDYLL
CABANEROS, MELODIEN
CATAPTE, NATHALIA
CORNELIO, HAZEL
DELA CRUZ, MARK
FONTANILLA, WILLARD
HIDALGO, JAN CRISTIAN
MANES, RENIEL
OFRENEO, RENZY
PRIMA, JON AARON
RATIO, NELLY
VALENA, CYRILL
HYPERTROPHIC OR HYPERPLASTIC
SYMPTOMS

SYMPTOMS RESULTING FROM OVER

MULTIPLICATION/DIVISION OF
CELLS, OVERPRODUCTION OF
SUBSTANCE/PIGMENTS AND OVER
DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANS/PARTS
OF PLANTS
GALLS
are anomalous enlargements or localized
outgrowths, resembling tumors, that develop
on various parts of plants such as leaves,
twigs, roots, or flowers

Galls of larger size are called KNOT while

those of smaller size are called WART
HAIRY ROOT
Huge number of compactly arranged fine
fibrous roots are developed due to infection.

The hairy root bacterium can infect numerous

broadleaved plants including blueberry,
caneberries, fruit and nut trees, and rose. The
bacterium causes roots to grow dense clusters
of tiny, malformed roots.
CURLING

This symptom appears due to localised

overgrowth on one side or certain region of
the leaf or shoot which become curled, arched
or distorted.
WITCHES BROOM
• More branches with vertical growth are
developed due to infection.

• The branches grow vertically instead of

regular horizontal pattern.

• Typically are dense clusters of twigs or

thickened stems that develop on the
branches of woody plants. Affected leaves
and shoots may become discolored,
distorted, and dwarfed.
TUMOR
• Uncontrolled overgrowth of plant tissues.
Plant tumors can be divided into two
primary categories
• Pathogen-induced tumors, which are caused
by bacteria, viruses, fungi, insects
• Spontaneous tumors, which grow in plants
with certain genotypes even in the absence
of a pathogen
RUSSETING
• Refers to the external browning and
roughening of the skin or fruits, tubers, or
other fleshy organs.
• The occurrence of russeting due to moist
weather conditions may be linked to the
presence of corky lenticels and tan-colored
marks, which are usually shaped like
raindrops and concentrated at the fruit's stem
end.
ANTHOCYANESCENCE
• Referred to as purpling, is the process
through which plants produce anthocyanins,
which are deep red, purple, or blue colors.
• These water-soluble pigments belong to the
flavonoid family and can be found in a wide
range of fruits and vegetables, including
cherries, aubergine, red cabbage, berries,
currants, and grapes.
BRONZING

• Begins as brown or bronze specks on the

upper leaf surface and progresses to necrotic
and chlorotic areas as plant cells die.
• In addition, early senescence, leaf loss and
yellowing, and accelerated plant aging are
considered severe symptoms
 FASCIATION
• The abnormal merging and flattening of typically
independent organs or structures
• It can occur in any part of the plant, although the
stems, roots, and leaves are the most commonly
affected.
• May not create any symptoms at all in some
circumstances
• In other circumstances, however, it can create
several kinds of issues, including:
Deformation of the plant
Reduced growth rates
Decreased yields
Death of the plant
PROLIFERATION
• is a rapid and repeated process of
reproduction, division, or the production of
new parts, tissues, or organs.
• occurs when one or more buds form in an
already open bloom. It is a disorder that
usually affects the flowers of a range of
plants including clovers, the daisy family,
opium poppies, plantains and roses.
ENATION

• are associated with the veins, develop

underneath the leaf lamina and hence the
name, pea enation. The pods are distorted,
covered with warts, and bear few peas. The
first reference to the “mosaic disease of the
sweet pea” was made by Taubenhaus (1914)
EPINASTY

• is a plant symptom characterized by the

abnormal downward bending or curling of
leaves, resulting from a more rapid growth
of cells on the upper side than on the lower
side of the leaf stalk.
ABSCISSION OR DEFOLIATION

• Pathogen-induced abscission is a plant defense mechanism that involves the

shedding of infected organs, such as leaves, flowers, or fruits, to prevent the
spread of pathogens throughout the plant.
• Ethylene biosynthesis is regulated by the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-
carboxylate (ACC) synthase. Pathogens can induce the production of ACC
synthase, either directly or indirectly, leading to increased ethylene levels in the
plant.
ABSCISSION OR DEFOLIATION
• Some examples of pathogens that can
induce abscission:

Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni: This

bacterium causes shot hole disease in
stone fruit trees, such as peach, plum, and
cherry. The bacterium produces a toxin
called coronatine, which triggers ethylene
production and abscission of infected
leaves.
ABSCISSION OR DEFOLIATION

• Botrytis cinerea: This fungus causes

gray mold disease in a wide variety of
plants. The fungus produces ethylene
as a byproduct of its metabolism,
which can trigger abscission of
infected flowers and fruits
ABSCISSION OR DEFOLIATION
• Pseudomonas syringae: This
bacterium causes bacterial speck
disease . The bacterium produces a
protein called AvrRpt2, which is
recognized by the plant receptor Rpt2.
This recognition event triggers
ethylene production and abscission of
infected leaves.
ABSCISSION OR DEFOLIATION
Defoliation caused by pathogens is a significant problem for plants, as it can lead to
reduced photosynthesis, reduced growth, and increased susceptibility to other
stresses. Pathogens can cause defoliation in a variety of ways, including:
• Directly attacking and killing leaf cells. This can be done by fungi, bacteria,
viruses, or nematodes.
• Producing toxins that damage or kill leaf cells. This is a common strategy used
by fungi and bacteria.
• Inducing abscission, the shedding of leaves. This is a defense mechanism used
by plants to prevent the spread of pathogens. However, excessive abscission can
lead to defoliation.
ABSCISSION OR DEFOLIATION
Defoliation caused by pathogens can
have a significant impact on plant
health and productivity.

Here are some examples of pathogens

that can cause defoliation:
• Fungi: Cercospora beticola
ABSCISSION OR DEFOLIATION
Bacteria: Xanthomonas campestris pv. Viruses: Tobacco mosaic virus
Campestris
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