NANOTOXI

CITY TO
PLANTS

SUBMITTED TO: DR. MUHAMMAD ZIA

 Team Presentation

Sofia Shahid Rafia Wasim Faridullah

Nanotoxicology and its Imapacts of nano toxicity Detection methods for
relation to plants on plants Nanotoxicity

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 Sofia Shahid

PROPERTIES OF METALLIC NANOPARTICLE

NANOTOXICOLOGY NANOPARTICLES UPTAKE
1 3 5

2 4 6

METALLIC MECHANISM OF PATHWAYS

NANOPARTICLES NANOPARTICLE-PLANT
INTERACTION

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INTRODUC
TION
 Plant Nano toxicology is introduced as a
discipline that explores the effects and
toxicity mechanisms of nanoparticles in
plants, including transport, surface
interactions and material-specific
responses. Metal-based nanoparticles (MB
NPs) have dual-toxicity of metal and NPs,
and thus, their bio- toxicity and ecological
risk are the hotspots in the studies of
Nano toxicology

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 NANOTOXICO
LOGY
Nanotoxicology is a sub-specialty of particle toxicology.
Nanomaterials appear to have toxicity effects that are
unusual and not seen with larger particles,
For example, even inert elements like gold become highly
active
⊷ At nanometre dimensions. Nanotoxicological https://
studies are intended to determine whether or to jnanobiotechnology.bio
what extent nanoparticles pose a threat to the medcentral.com/
environment. articles
⊷ Nanoparticles seem to translocate from their
deposition sites to distant areas in living systems.

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 METALLIC
NANOPARTICLES
The term metal nanoparticle is used to describe
Nano sized metals with dimensions (length, width
or thickness) within the size range 1‐100 nm

PROPERTIES
⊷ large surface energies
⊷ large surface area to volume ratio as compared to
bulk quantum confinement
⊷ plasmon excitation
⊷ increased number of kinks
⊷ short range ordering

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 PLANT
MEDIATED
SYNTHESIS
⊷ At room temperature, the extract is
mixed with a metal salt solution, within
minutes the reaction is complete. By this
method, gold, silver nanoparticles have
been synthesized. By using a leaf extract of
Polyalthia longifolia (Asian small tree
species in the family Annonaceae), silver
nanoparticles were synthesized.

⊷ Preparing metallic nanoparticle by the

use of plant extract brings controlled size
and morphology of nanoparticles.

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 PLANT MEDIATED SYNTHESIS
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 From the experiments it is clear
that nanoparticles are toxic to the
plants in high concentrations.
Moreover, based on their
transportation, properties, and
reactivity, the nanoparticles may
interfere with different metabolic
activities to produce an impact on
plants.

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 NANOPARTICLE
UPTAKE;
Nanoparticles are either absorbed to plant surfaces or
entered through nanometer openings or pores. The
nanoparticles have to cross the cell wall before reaching to
protoplasts of plant cells

APOPLASTIC PATHWAY SYMPLASTIC PATHWAY

⊷ The apoplastic transport ⊷ The casparian strip averts
advances radial movement the radial movement of
such that nanoparticles nanoparticles in the root
move towards the central endodermis. This can be
canal of root, vascular overcome by switching
tissues and then take from apoplastic to
upward route towards symplastic pathway. The
leaves. This type of symplastic pathway is
translocation is essential for more suitable and
systematic delivery of organized for the
nanoparticles. movement of nanoparticles
in the plant system.

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 Rafia Wasim

THE JOURNEY OF TOXIC

NANOPARTICLE INSIDE EXAMPLES OF
PLANTS TOXIC IMPACTS SILVER NANOPARTICLES( AgNP)

1 3 5

2 4 6

TOXIC IMPACTS OF COLLOIDAL COPPER AND

METALLIC SUSPENSIONS COPPER OXIDE
NANOPARTICLES NANOPARTICLES

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 TRACKING OF
NANOPARTICLES
In situ tracking and imaging can be well
achieved with intrinsic radioactive isotope-
labelled NPs using nuclear imaging techniques.
These modern microscopic and tracer
techniques can be helpful to understand the
adsorption, translocation, transformation, and
assimilation of nanoparticles in the soil–plant
system.

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 THE JOURNEY OF TOXIC NANOPARTICLE INSIDE
PLANTS

Want big impact? Use big image.

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 TOXIC IMPACTS OF METALLIC NANOPARTICLES INSIDE PLANTS
The nanoparticle inside the plant causes the following toxic effects:
 interactions with electron transport chain of mitochondria and
chloroplasts which causes oxidative burst followed by an
increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration.
 Causes limitation of carbon fixation rate. c)excessive
production of water and anion radicals
 Unnecessary protein modifications, damage to DNA and lipid
peroxidation.
 Apoptosis or necrosis of plant cells due to overproduction of
reactive oxygen species.
 disruptions of enzymatic pathways g)increased production of
antioxidant molecules
 The hormonal control of plant development and growth is
disturbed
 a very high concentration of nanoparticle is a stress factor
which may affect photosynthesis

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EXAMPLES OF
TOXIC IMPACTS
OF METALLIC
NANOPARTICLES
ON PLANTS:
 Colloidal suspensions
Colloidal suspensions of Tio2
nanoparticles which are 30 nm in
diameter and bentonite (a natural
clay) cause the decrease in pore
size of cell wall of maize roots
from 6.6nm to 3nm.So the
transpiration rate is affected

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 Silver
nanoparticles( AgNP)
In order to generate toxic effects silver
nanoparticles have to penetrate plant tissue and
interfere with various types of metabolic
activities. The high concentration of silver
nanoparticles which are of size 25nm break the
cell wall and damage the vacuoles of Oryza sativa
root cells hence destroys the cell structure.
Silver particles of size less than 30nm in high
concentrations are observed to cause root and
shoot growth inhibition in different plants

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 Copper and copper
oxide nanoparticles
Due to oxidative properties of copper, copper
oxide nanoparticles have higher toxic impacts
than copper nanoparticles. High doses of copper
oxide nanoparticles suppress photosynthesis,

Copper oxide nanoparticles and copper

nanoparticles affect root morphology. They also
causes enhanced production of reactive oxygen
species in plants. Due to these nanoparticles
accumulation of mutagenic DNA lesions occur in
different plants.

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 Titanium dioxide
nanoparticles(Tio2
NP)
The toxic effects of these
nanoparticles are decrease in
plant growth, decrease in mitotic
index, increase in reactive
oxygen species, increase in
antioxidant activity, genotoxicity
in plants.

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 Cerium dioxide
nanoparticles
The toxic effects of these
nanoparticles are compromised
quality of grains of rice and
wheat, destruction of vascular
bundles in cotton plants.

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 Nickel nanoparticles
The toxic impacts of these
nanoparticles are induction of
reactive oxygen species and
antioxidant molecules, reduction
in concentration of plant
pigments, induction of apoptosis.

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 Zinc and zinc oxide
nanoparticles
The toxic effects of these nanoparticles on
plant cells are affect plant germination, halts
root elongation, reduction in photosynthesis
efficiency, DNA fragmentation in Allium
cepa, higher concentrations of zinc oxide
nanoparticles at 2000 ppm have an impact
on yield of peanuts, as observed in a study.

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 Faridullah
DETECTION
METHODS FOR TRANSMISSION
NANOTOXICITY IN ELECTRON X-RAY BASED
PLANTS MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES

1 3 5

2 4 6

IMAGING BASED SCANNING X-RAY

TECHNIQUES ELECTRON FLUORESENCE
MICRPSCOPY SPECTRTOMETRY

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 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389419319296

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DETECTION
METHODS FOR
NANOTOXICITY
IN PLANTS

Detecting nanotoxicity in plants can

be challenging as it requires sensitive
and specific methods to identify the
presence and extent of toxicity
 Approaches for
nanoparticle detection
⊷ Imaging based techniques

⊷ X-ray based spectroscopy technique

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 Imaging based techniques
One approach is to use imaging based techniques that
can be used to analyze nanomaterial.
There are two main types of imaging based techniques.

⊷ Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

⊷ Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

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 Transmission electron
microscopy
In TEM process, a focused electron beam is
transmitted through a specimen, an image is
formed from the interaction of the electrons with
the sample. The image is then magnified and
focused onto an imaging device. TEM is capable
of imaging at a significantly higher resolution
(down to the sub-nanometer) than light
microscopes, it can visualize as small as a single
column of atoms, which is thousands of times
smaller than a resolvable object seen in a light
microscope.

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 Scanning electron
microscopy
In SEM process, a focused beam of electrons
scans the surface of the sample; interaction
between electrons and atoms in the surface of
sample produces various signals that contain
information about the sample’s surface
topography and composition. Then an image is
formed upon focusing of scattered electrons. SEM
can achieve resolution better than 1 nm. It can be
used to image intact sample as well as sectioned
sample.

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 X-ray based spectroscopy technique
There are two main types of X-ray spectroscopy-based techniques
that can be used to analyze distribution and localization of NPs
within the plant tissue.

⊷ X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry

⊷ X-ray absorption (XAS) spectrometry

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 X-ray florescence
spectrometry
XRF can be used to analyze the elemental
composition of nanoparticles and their
distribution in biological tissues or cells.
XRF works by bombarding a sample with high-
energy X-rays, which excite the atoms in the
sample and cause them to emit characteristic X-
rays, which excite the atoms in the sample and
cause them to emit characteristic X-rays of their
own. These characteristic X-rays are then detected
and analyzed to determine the elemental
composition of the sample.

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 X-ray absorption
spectrometry
XAS can be used to determine the elemental
composition and chemical state of nanoparticles in plant
tissues.
Nanoparticles can enter plants through their roots or
leaves and can accumulate in different parts of the plant,
including the leaves, stems, and seeds. XAS can be used
to study the distribution of nanoparticles in plant tissues
and determine their chemical state and potential toxicity.
XAS works by measuring the absorption of X-rays by
the sample as a function of their energy

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 https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60829
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 FUTURE
PROSPECTS:
 Future research on plant toxicology should consider the
factors of use,distribution,and release of nanoparticles from
sources present in the environment.
 The focus should be on evaluation of environmental risk,
analysis of transformation and interaction mechanisms of
plants and nanoparticles, proper disposal and remediation of
nanoparticles from agriculture soil and sewage water.
 Research is needed to be done on impact of nanoparticles on
molecular biology of plants.
 The use of nanoparticles have made agriculture practices
smart but their dual harmful aspects because of metals and
small size of metals should not be ignored.

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 ⊷ REFERENCES

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60829
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/4/1781
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2017.00078/full

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