VSC Based HDVC Transmission

Table: Comparison of Converter types

Comparison between CSC and VSC based HVDC systems
Rectifier Inverter

HVDC system based on CSC technology with thyristors

HVDC system based on VSC technology built with IGBTs

Comparison between CSC and VSC based HVDC systems
 Working principle of Voltage Source Converters
1. Single-phase VSC
• Each valve conducts for the duration of gate pulse
• Commutated as soon as gate pulse is removed
Full Wave
Half Wave

 Load voltage is AC voltage of

 Two valves of the same arm should not
Amplitude Vs/2
conduct simultaneously
Frequency 1/T Hz.
For resistive load, both Vo & Io would be in
 Freq. of output voltage can be
phase.
changed by varying T
But to maintain current for reactive loads,
antiparallel diodes are connected when
Drawback: Needs three wires.
main valves are turned off.
2.Conventional three-phase two-level VSC topology

To make the DC voltage constant

&
to suppress harmonics in DC
voltage
 1800 mode VSC • Each valve conducts for 1800
• Gate signals are applied and removed at 600 intervals
 1200 mode VSC • Each valve conducts for 1200
• Gate signals are applied and removed at 600 intervals
Pulse-width modulated Voltage Source Converters

 Devices are switched ON and OFF several times within each half cycle

 Constant amplitude pulses

 but width can be modulated

- to get desired AC output voltage

- to reduce its harmonic contents.
contents

• Lower order harmonics are eliminated or minimized

• Higher order harmonics can be filtered easily
• Filtering requirement is minimized
(a) Single pulse modulation

0  2d  


4Vs n
v0   sin sin nd sin nwt
n 1,3,5 n 2
4Vs
 sin d sin wt  sin 3d sin 3wt  sin 5d sin 5wt  

4Vs
vo1m  ; for 2d   ,
 If nd=π or 2d=2π/n
4Vs nth harmonics is eliminated
 sin d for 2d  

 (b) Multiple pulse modulation


8Vs nd
v0  
n 1,3,5 n
sin n sin
2
sin nwt

 d 1 3d 
sin  sin sin wt  sin 3 sin sin 3 wt 
8V  2 3 2 
 s 
  1 5d
sin 5 sin sin 5wt   
 5 2 
8V nd
vn  s sin n sin  Amplitudes of lower order
n 2
harmonics reduced.
nd 
If n   or   , n th harmonics is eliminated. But those of higher order
2 harmonics increased
  2d d
= + ; where N - number of pulses per half cycles
N 1 N
 1
For square reference wave, width of half-cycle =
2f
1
pulse width:
For triangular carrier wave, pulse width =
fc 2d  Vr  
 1  
1 2f fc c N  Vc  N
no. of pulses per half cycle N =  
1 fc 2 f 2
(c) Sinusoidal pulse modulation
 Pulse width is a sinusoidal function of the angular position of the pulse in a cycle.

Vr
modulation index : m a 
Vc
fc
frequency modulation index: m f 
fr
fc
No. of pulses per half cycles N=
2f
If m a  1; largest harmonic amplitudes
fc
are associated with  1 i.e. 2 N  1.
f
By higher N, order of significant harmonic increases
minimising filtering requirement.
But higher switching losses.
Reduction of Harmonics in AC output voltage
(a) By PWM

4Vs 1  2 cos n1  2 cos n 2 

An   
  n 
For making A n =0 for n=3,5,
1  ?, 2  ?
(b) By Transformer Connections

 Output voltage waveforms must be similar but phase shifted from each other

4Vs    1   1   
v0  3 sin  t    sin  5t    sin  7t     
   6 5  6 7  6 

 Triplen harmonics eliminated

(c) By Stepped-waveform
 Multi-level converter topologies

1. Diode-clamped neutral-point-clamped (NPC) converter topology

Two level
2. The flying capacitor (FC) converter topology
3. The active neutral-point-clamped (ANPC) converter topology

Advantage:
Equal loss distribution among devices
 Modular-multilevel converter topology

Structure of sub-module (SM)

Phase leg
Power Transfer between two ac voltage sources

Phasor diagram

Vs Sin
P VR
XL
(Vs cos   VR )
Q VR
XL
Operating principle of VSC-HVDC
 DC Grid: A Future Goal
 Five-terminal VSC-HVDC system
 Single-line multi-terminal VSC-HVDC system
 Multi-terminal DC grid tapping power from Wind turbines