Chapter 35 Polymer

Content (According to AL
Syllabus)
Content (According to AL
Syllabus)
Content (According to AL
Syllabus)
Content (According to AL
Syllabus)
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Natu rall
y
Occurr in
g
Polyme rs
Ami no aci ds and
protei n
Stere ochemistr y of
Amino Acids
Physi cal pr opert ies of
Amino Acids
Chemical pr opert ies of
Amino Acids

− −
− −
Chemical pr opert ies of
Amino Acids

–NH2 is a stronger base than –

COO-
–COOH is a stronger acid than –
NH3+
Peptides, P olypept ides
and prot ein
Dipeptide
The (-NH2) group of one amino acid can
react with the (-COOH) group of
another to form an amide.
The resultion molecule is a dimmer
containing two amino acid units which
is describes as a dipeptide.
In the process, the two amino acid
molecules are joined by the
condensation reaction. A water
molecule is eliminated.
Polyp ep tide
 dipeptide

Further
reaction
of each
end

Polypeptide/protein
Structure of p rotei ns
Polypeptide

Dipeptide

Amino acids
Carb oh ydrates
Monosaccharides
Open chain and rin g
st ruct ures o f glucos e
and fructos e
presence of the free aldehyde
group of the acyclic form.
reducing action



Disaccharides
Sucrosesugar cane), Maltose malt)
and Lactose milk)
Glycosidic Linkage in
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
DNA as Nu clei c aci d
Formation of the nucleotide
of a DNA molecule
Syntheti
c
Polyme rs
Addi ti on Poly mers
Formation and Uses of Addition Polymer
Addition polymerization is a chemical
process in which monomer molecules
are joined together to form a polymer
without elimination of small molecules.
The resulting polymer will therefore have
the same percentage composition as
the reactant monomers.
1. Polyethene, or
Polyethylene [PE]
Uses of polyethene
Insulate telephone line
Its unique electrical properties were
essential during the development of radar.
Plastic bags
It used in supermarket for packing various
food product.
milk bottles and water buckets
Hard and rigid, not poisonous
Me chanism fo r the
additio n p oly merization:
Fr ee Radical Addit ion
Polymerizat io n of
Ethene
The reaction mechanism consists
of three stages:
chain initiation
chain propagation
chain termination
Chain initiation
Chain propagation
Chain termination steps

Addition polymers formed from these substituted

ethenes (H2C=CHX) have a range of properties
predictable based on the structure of –X (non polar
substituent). –X group like –CH3 or –C6H5 are soluble
in organic solvents like acetone or propanone.
2. Polypropene (PP)
3. Polystyrene (PS)
4. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
5. Polytetrafluoroethene
(PTFE)
∀ ⇒
∀ ⇒
∀ ⇒
∀ ⇒
∀⇒
∀⇒

A teflon-coated
frying pan
6. Polymethyl Methacrylate
(Perspex) (PMMA)
Condens atio n
Polym ers
Formation and Uses of
Condensation Polymer
1. Polyamide
Preparation of
nylon-6,6 in the
laboratory
2. Kevlar
2. Dacron
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
3. Urea-methanal
Eff ect of Structu re on
Proper tie s of
Pol yme rs
Ef fect of S truct ure on
Propert ies of Po ly mers
Low Density Polyethene
and High Density
Polyethene
High Density Polyethene
Low Density Polyethene
Vulcanization of Polymers

2-Methylbuta-1,3-diene
cis

Part of a polymer chain of natural rubber

Car tyres are made of
vulcanized rubber
Degradable Plastics
1. Biopolymers
(a) Paracoccus (b) Bacillus

(c) Spirullum
2. Photodegradable
Plastics
This plastic bag is made of
photodegradable plastic
3. Synthetic Biodegradable
Plastics
END