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04 Amplitute - Modulation XX
04 Amplitute - Modulation XX
1. What is modulation?
1. To facilitate transmission
To avoid interference
M1(f)
M(f) Multiplexed
f
signal
0
+
M2(f)
0 f1 f2
f
f
0
3. What are the Different Modulation
Methods?
1. Analogue modulation- The modulating signal and
carrier both are analogue signals
Examples: Amplitude Modulation (AM) , Frequency
Modulation (FM) , Phase Modulation (PM)
2. Pulse modulation- The modulating signal is an
analogue signal but Carrier is a train of pulses
Examples : Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), Pulse
width modulation (PWM), Pulse position modulation
(PPM)
3.What are the Different Modulation
Methods?
4. Digital modulation -
Examples: Pulse Code Modulation, Delta
Modulation,Adaptive Delta Modulation
ANALOG MODULATION
sm (t ) Am cos mt
3 The amplitude-modulated wave can be expressed as
s (t ) Ac sm (t )cos( c t )
4 By substitution
Am
m
Ac
6 Therefore The full AM signal may be
written as
s (t ) Ac (1 m cos( mt )) cos( c t )
mAc mAc
s(t ) Ac (cos c t ) cos( c m )t cos( c m )t
2 2
7. Draw the Frequency Spectrum of the above AM
signal and calculate the Bandwidth
fc-fm fC fc+fm
2fm
8. Draw Frequency Spectrum for a complex input
signal with AM
fc-fm fc fc+fm
Frequency Spectrum of an AM signal
Solution
An AM signal requires twice the bandwidth of the
original signal:
BW = 2 x 5 KHz = 10 KHz
AM Radio Band
9.Modulation
What is theIndex (m)
significance of modulation index ?
modulated signal.
10. Calculate the power efficiency of AM signals
sidebands power m2 / 2 m2
total power 1 m / 2 2 m2
2
Ac Am cos( c t ) cos( m t )
1
since cos A cos B cos( A B ) cos( A B )
2
Am Ac Am Ac
cos( c m )t cos( c m )t
2 2
USB LSB
sc (t ) Ac cos c t
fc-fm fc fc+fm
• All the transmitted power is contained in the two sidebands
(no carrier present).
Sm(t) S1(t)
AM Modulator 1
Sm(t) Accos(wct)
S(t)
Carrier
Accos(wct) DSB-SC
AM Modulator 2
-Sm(t) S2(t)
• The two modulators are identical except for the sign
reversal of the input to one of them. Thus,
s1 (t ) Ac (1 m cos( mt )) cos( c t )
s2 (t ) Ac (1 m cos( mt )) cos( c t )
s (t ) s1 (t ) s2 (t )
2mAc cos( mt ) cos( c t )
COHERENT (SYNCHRONOUS) DETECTOR OR
DSB-SC (PRODUCT DETECTOR)
v(t) vo(t)
DSB-SC Signal s(t) X LPF
Coswct
Local Oscillator
Ac
1 cos 2 c t
2 Am cos( mt )
2
Am cos( mt ) Am cos( mt ) cos( 2 c t )
since sm (t ) Am cos( mt )
sm(t) sm(t ) cos ( 2 c t)
Unwanted term(remove d by LPF)
• It is necessary to have synchronization in both frequency
and phase between the transmitter (modulator) & receiver
(demodulator), when DSB-SC modulation ,which is of the
coherent type, is used.
Both phase and frequency must be known to demodulate
DSB-SC waveforms.
LACK OF PHASE SYNCHRONISATION
DSB SC (t ) cos c t
fc+D f, then v(t ) s
Ac sm (t ) cos c t cos c t
Ac
sm (t )cos t cos2 c t
2
Output of LPF
Ac
vo (t ) sm (t ) cos t
2
Thus, the recovered baseband information signal will vary
sinusoidal according to cos D wt
This problem can be overcome by adding an extra
synchronization circuitry which is required to detect q and
D wt and by providing the carrier signal to the receiver.
( )2 PLL BPF 2
DSB-SC
- Less transmitted power than full AM and all the transmitted
power is useful.
- Requires a coherent carrier at the receiver; This results in
increased complexity in the detector(i.e. synchroniser)
- Suited for point to point communication involving one
transmitter and one receiver which would justify the use of
increased receiver complexity.
Comparison of Amplitude Modulation methods
SSB
- Good bandwidth utilization (message signal bandwidth =
modulated signal bandwidth)
- Good power efficiency
- Demodulation is harder as compares to full AM; Exact
filter design and coherent demodulation are required
- Preferred in long distance transmission of voice signals
Comparison of Amplitude Modulation methods
VSB
- Offers a compromise between SSB and DSB-SC
- VSB is standard for transmission of TV and similar signals
- Bandwidth saving can be significant if modulating signals
are of large bandwidth as in TV and wide band data
signals.
• For example with TV the bandwidth of the modulating
signal can extend up to 5.5MHz; with full AM the
bandwidth required is 11MHz