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Exam Review
By: Abby Kaufmann

Spring 2011 4th Period APES Mrs. Wood

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U.S. Energy Use Timeline

1800s 1885-1920 1973 Now - Future

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U.S. Energy Use

Burning wood was primary energy source until 1800s Coal became primary energy source due to industrial revolution Fossil Future Past fuel resources may be exhausted in >1,000 yrs Reconsider current energy policy Incorporate alternative renewable energy

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Wait! Whats alternative renewable energy?

Basically anything other than fossil fuels Alternative energy sources = geothermal, nuclear, hydropower, solar power, wind power Renewable energy sources: are not depleted by consumption WHAT SOURCES ARE BOTH ALTERNATIVE AND RENEWABLE?

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Solar and wind energy

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Ohhhso if were not using those sources now what is our current energy policy anyways?

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Energy Policy @ Crossroads

Considers Soft Path Energy Emphasizes quantity HardPath Energy environmental of energy effects Relies on fossil fuels Sources are diverse, Larger power plants flexible, and accessible No government regulation should Works to maximize exist efficiency while conserving

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But what does conservation mean?

Adjusting energy needs and uses In short, it means getting by with less Doesnt have to affect efficiency

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Efficiency: Yielding most output from given input

Second Law Considers amount First Law Efficiencyof how efficient Efficiency energy a source is compared how Doesnt considerbe efficient it could quality of energy Low efficiency Energy delivered vs. indicates room for energy supplied improvement in energy planning Minimum amount of

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But why is energy quantity/quality so important? Why cant we just make more?

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Because its illegal!!!

Matter of Law of can neither Energy Conservation 1st Lawcan neither of created not beMatter nor Thermodynamics destroyed However, it in which "In all casesmay be rearranged or work is produced by changed into heat, the agency ofa different type of a quantity of heat is particle consumed which is proportional to the Mass done; and work of reactants

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Fine! But why are fossil fuels so bad anyways? And what are they?

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Fossil Fuels
They are forms of stored solar energy The main fossil fuels are crude oil, natural gas, and coal Other types of fossil fuels include coal bed methane, methane hydrates, oil shale, and tar sands

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Crude Oil (a.k.a Petroluem)

Primary Mining recovery of Over time, Formation organic oil involves pumping materials buried in oil straight from depositional basins wells becomes sludge Secondary recovery Sludge accumulates involves during injecting either steam, water, decomposition and or chemicals into becomes crude oil reservoirs This occurs in

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Natural Gas
Mined Miningfrom Organic materials Formation traps formed by buried in cap rock depositional basins Transported to form accumulate primarily by sludge which pipelines crude oil becomes Crude oil migrates to surface and becomes trapped by cap rock

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Coal
Strip mining Mining Partially Formation involved removing decomposed the top layer vegetation of soil/rock to reach transforms in to a coal solid, brittle, carbonaceous rock Underground mining is another method Coal is classified by that is dangerous sulfur content and produces acid because it mine drainage. influences energy

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More about coal

Coal accounts for 60% of the electrical energy production in the U.S and about 90% of our total energy reserves It disturbs large amounts of land and causes air pollution Scrubbing can reduce amount of air pollutants emitted

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Tar Sands
Sedimentary rocks/sands that contain tar, asphalt, or bitumen Contributes to 10% of North Americas oil production Wells cant be used to mine due to viscosity of the sands Typically obtained from open-pit mines

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Oil Shale
Fine grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen (organic matter) Obtained from destructive distillation then retorted at surface Yields 60 liters of oil per ton of shale Oil that is produced is a synfuel

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Methane Hydrates
White, ice-like compound containing molecules of methane gas Result of microbial digestion Form craters on seafloor that emit gas Most drilling equipment doesnt work at the depths where it is located

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Landfill gas
Microbial digestion occurs in landfills due to the large amount of decaying organic matter and decomposition This produces methane gas that can be piped out from bottom of landfill and used to generate electricity Methane gas is 21X more potent than CO2 emissions

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HmmmFossil fuels really dont sound all that great for the environment.

How can we use renewable energy sources instead?

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Solar Energy

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What types are there?

Require mechanical Active Solar Energy Use solar energy Passive Solar Energy power to without circulate Systemsrequiring air/water/fluids from mechanical power solar collectors to Often part of location to store architectural design heat EXAMPLES: tree Photovoltaic cells type/location, work to convert overhangs, skylights sunlight directly to electricity

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How does it work?

Solar collectors contain absorbing fluids that circulate through tubes and absorb radiation. (Typically provides space heating or hot water) PV cells are made of thin-layers of semiconductors that produce electricity when sunlight hits them

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Should we use it?

Equipment Disadvantages Renewable energy Advantagesuses lots of metals, glass, source plastics, and fluids; No air or water potentially toxic pollution Solar energy is Widely available dispersed over a large areafor Has room improvement (its Variable estimated that it can be used 75X

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Wind Power

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Where does it come from?

The differential heating of Earths surface causes air masses to have different densities and temperatures; these differences create wind Terrain, vegetation and bodies of water modify wind patterns Wind velocity increases over hilltops

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How does it work?

Turbines mounted on tall towers generate electricity and are opposite of fans Wind turns turbines blades which spin the shaft Shafts connect to generators and produce electricity

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Should we use it?

Eye sore Disadvantages Inexhaustible Advantages resource Windmill farms require lots of land Has potential to meet more than Potential hazard to 20% of worlds birds electricity demand Inexpensive No emissions

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Hydropower & Hydrokineti cs

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Whats the difference?

Hydrokinetics Hydropower Dam creates a reservoir of stored energy Falling water causes turbine to spin Generator spins when turbine spins Harnesses energy from natural power of water movement Oscillating water column captures rise and fall of waves

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Whats all the hype about?

No pollution Hydrokinetics Hydropower Efficient No pollution produced Can expand water based recreation resources Predictable Could potentially double hydropower production Close to major coastal citites

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But nothing is perfect

Technology used in hydrokinetics needs improvements in performance and longevity Could negatively impact crabbing/fishing/shipping/navigation industries Hydrokinetics = expensive Erosion and sediment transfer is likely

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Geothermal energy

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What is it?
Utilizing the heat from the inside of the earth that is able to reach the crust This typically occurs at plate boundaries Hot springs, geysers, and fumaroles occur due to the heat in the earth

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How can we use it?

Direct use systems Using hydrothermal fluids to convert hot water/steam to electricity (flash steam plants) Geothermal heat pumps transfer heat from ground in the winter through a series of pipes

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Should we use it?

Gas emissions Disadvantages Could provide Advantages 10% of energy needs for Noise during west states in the construction 25% of water Land disturbances used/produced is recycled Wastewater can be injected into earth

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Biomas s

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What is it?
Biomass power is obtained from the energy in plants and plant derived materials Wood is primary source of biomass Waste is second largest source

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How is it used for energy?

Most commonly, biomass is burned to produce steam to drive turbine Some generators use biomass and fossil fuels while others burn methane from Liquid fuels Biofuels Biopower like ethanol and biodiesel are produced from plants Ethanol is made by fermenting biomass Biodiesel is made from processed

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Should we use it?

Can add pollutants Disadvantages Advantages to air No net carbon emissions into atmosphere Dependable source Wood is the primary heating and cooking energy source for 1 Municipal solid waste may contain toxins that could cause pollution when used Farming biomass would reduce

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Hydrogen Power

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How do we get it?

Despite its abundance, hydrogen doesnt exist by itself in nature Electrolysis is a process in which, using electrical currents, water molecules are split Steam methane reforming extracts hydrogen from natural gas using high temperature steam

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How do we use it?

Hydrogen can be stored as a gas, liquid, or in a chemical compound Hydrogen pipelines deliver it Stationary hydrogen fuel cells convert the chemical energy directly into electricity Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are ideal for light-duty transportation and involves separating the molecules protons and electrons

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Should we use it?

Costly Disadvantages Advantages Stationary hydrogen fuel cells provide access to power in remote locations and can store excess power Hydrogen fuel cells are 2-3X more Storage methods Durability and availability of materials necessary Steam methane reforming produces carbon monoxide

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Wait!
What about nuclear energy?

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Nuclear Energy
Typically made using nuclear fission Nuclear fission is a continuous process involving the breakdown of uranium molecules Neutrons are shot at U-235 and breaks it apart which produces heat as bonds are broken

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Nuclear Fission

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