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Normal Labor and Delivery
Normal Labor and Delivery
AND DELIVERY
Breech presentation
Frank
Complete
Footling
TYPES OF FETAL PRESENTATION
FETAL POSITIONS AND LANDMARKS
PRESENTATION LANDMARK
Face Mentum
Breech Sacrum
local edema of the scalp that bony changes in the fetal head,
appears as a lump after childbirth which results in shortened
suboccipitobregmatic diameter
and a lengthened mentovertical
diameter
PHASES, DIVISIONS, and STAGES of LABOR
Phases of parturition
PHASE 1: QUISCENCE PHASE 2: ACTIVATION
Prelude to parturition Preparation for labor
Contractile unresponsiveness Uterine preparedness for labor
Cervical ripening Cervical ripening
- Uterine involution
- Cervical repair
- Breastfeeding
STAGES OF LABOR
Definition of labor:
Due to 4 forces:
Descent - Pressure of amniotic fluid
- Pressure of fundal contractions
- Maternal effort
- Straightening of fetal body
Flexion OFD shifts to SOBD
Internal rotation Occiput moves toward symphysis pubis
Due to 2 opposing forces:
Extension - Pressure of fundal contractions
- Resistance of pelvic floor
External rotation (restitution) BSD to APD to pelvic outlet
Expulsion
*BPD – biparietal diameter, OFD – occipitofrontal diameter, SOBD – suboccipitobregmatic diameter, BSD – bisacromial diameter, APD –
anteroposterior diameter
FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS OF LABOR
FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS OF LABOR
PREPARATORY DIVISION
- Latent and acceleration phase (of cervical dilatation)
- Little change in cervical dilatation but marked change in cervical
CT components
*sedation and conduction analgesia are capable of arresting this
division
FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS OF LABOR
DILATATION DIVISION
- Phase of maximum slope (of cervical dilatation)
- Occurs most commonly after 6 cm dilatation (Zhang curve, 2010)
- Unaffected by sedation
FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS OF LABOR
PELVIC DIVISION
- Deceleration phase (cervical dilatation) and second stage of labor
- Includes the cardinal movements of labor
PHASES OF CERVICAL DILATATION
LATENT PHASE
• Duration is more variable and sensitive to extraneous factors
• Ends once dilation of 3-5cm is reached
• Considered prolong if it lasts:
> 14 hours in multipara
> 20 hours in nullipara
PHASES OF CERVICAL DILATATION
ACTIVE PHASE
• Acceleration phase
o Predictive of labor outcome
• Phase of maximum slope
o Reflective of overall efficiency of the contractile mechanism
o Usually the descent in nulliparas occur here
• Deceleration phase
o Heralds entry into the pelvic division of labor
DELIVERY OF THE PLACENTA
Signs of placental separation (in order):
1. Uterus becomes globular and firmer (Calkin’s sign)
2. Sudden gush of blood
3. Uterus rises in the abdomen
4. Lengthening of the umbilical cord
Mechanism of Placental Expulsion
1. Schultze mechanism
a.Blood from the placental site pours into the membrane sac and
does not escape externally until after extrusion of the placenta.
b.Retroplacental hematoma follows the placenta or is found within
the inverted sac.
2. Duncan mechanism
a.Placenta separates first at the periphery and the blood collects
between the membranes and the uterine wall and the escapes
the vagina.
b.Placenta descends sideways, maternal surface appears first
References:
Cunningham F. Gary, Leveno Kenneth, Bloom Steven, Spong Catherine, Dashe Jodi, Hoffman Barbara, Casey Brian,
and Sheffield Jeanne. (2014). “Williams Obstetrics, 24th edition.” McGraw-Hill Education. USA.
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