TRANSFORMERS

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 POWER TRANSFORMERS

TRANSFORMERS-SPECIAL
PURPOSE

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

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POWER TRANSFORMERS

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 POWER TRANSFORMERS
• Fundamental Principles
• Construction
• Performance Requirements
• Specifications/Data Sheet
• Testing
• Rejection Criteria

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FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

WHEN AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT IS SUPPLIED WITH A VOLTAGE, THAT

CIRCUIT MUST TAKE SUFFICIENT CURRENT FROM THE SOURCE TO

BUILT UP A COUNTER ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE EQUAL AND

OPPOSITE TO THE VOLTAGE APPLIED.

E1 = 4.44 f N1 Ø max 10 -8

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 VECTOR DIAGRAMS

1. WHEN RESISTANCE AND LEAKAGE REACTANCES ARE

NEGLECTED

2. WHEN RESISTANCE AND LEAKAGE REACTANCES ARE

CONSIDERED.

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TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

1. CORE TYPE

2. SHELL TYPE

3. CRUCIFORM CORE TYPE

4. DISTRIBUTED SHELL TYPE

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 CORE CONSTRUCTION

1. LAMINATIONS

2. HIGH GRADE SILICON STEEL

3. VARNISH INSULATION

4. ABOVE CONSTRUCTION TO MINIMIZE EDDY

CURRENT LOSSES

5. LAMINATION THICKNESS - 0.014”

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 WINDING CONSTRUCTION

1. COPPER OR ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR

2. WINDING INSULATION

A) UNIFORM INSULATION

B) TAPERED INSULATION

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 TANK CONSTRUCTION

1. MADE OF MILD STEEL

2. FILLED WITH OIL / DRY TYPE

3. WELDED FABRICATION TO PREVENT LEAKAGE OF OIL

4. SEPARATE COMPARTMENT (WITH OIL FILLED) FOR

ON LOAD TAP CHANGER

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 COOLING METHODS

1. OIL NATURAL, AIR NATURAL (ONAN)

2. OIL NATURAL, AIR FORCED (ONAF)

3. OIL FORCED, AIR FORCED (OFAF)

4. RATIO OF KVA RATING :

ONAN / ONAF / OFAF - 60 / 80 / 100%

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 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

1. WINDINGS

A) TWO WINDINGS

B) THREE WINDINGS

2. AUTO TRANSFORMERS

3. FURNACE TRANSFORMERS

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VARIOUS WINDING CONNECTIONS

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Power Transformer General
Arrangement

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400kV Transformer

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 POWER TRANSFORMERS
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
• Transformers Shall operate without in
injurious heating at rated kVA any voltage
within ± 10 % of rated voltage of that
particular tap.
• Transformers Shall be capable of delivering at
a voltage equal to 105% of rated voltage
without exceeding temperature rise limits

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 POWER TRANSFORMERS
• For Generator Transformers under load
rejection conditions, Transformers shall
withstand
a)1.4 times rated voltage for 5 seconds
b)1.25 times rated voltage for 1 minute.

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 POWER TRANSFORMERS
• Over fluxing withstand capability
a) 110 % - Continuous
b) 125 % - for one minute ( For Generator
Transformers)
c) 140 % - for 5 seconds (For Generator
Transformers)

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 POWER TRANSFORMERS
• Transformers shall operate knee of the
saturation curve at 110 % of Voltage to
preclude ferro resonance and non linear
oscillations.
• Transformers shall be capable of operating
during overloading to meet loading guide
criteria at rated KVA.

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 POWER TRANSFORMERS
• Transformers provided with mixed cooling
shall comply as regards rating, temperature
rise and over loads with applicable standard
when operating with natural cooling and with
mixed cooling.
• No limitations by terminal bushings OLTC or
other auxiliary equipment under overloading
conditions.
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 POWER TRANSFORMERS
• Constant Flux Voltage Variation(CFVV) and
Variable Flux Voltage Variation(VFVV) , full
power tappings to be provided.

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 POWER TRANSFORMERS
• Transformers capable of Operator, Starting
from hot condition
a) Full load for not less than 10 minutes after
outage of all forced cooling.
b) At full load for not less than 20 minutes in the
event of failure of one of two 50 % coolers.

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 POWER TRANSFORMERS
• Transformers with complete bushings / Cable
boxes to withstand external short circuits.
• Transformers territory / Stabilizing windings
capable of withstanding mechanical and
thermal effects of short circuits and transfer
of surges through capacitive coupling with HV
and LV winding.

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 POWER TRANSFORMERS
• Thermal ability to withstand short circuit to
be demonstrated by VENDOR by calculations.
• Dynamic ability to withstand during short
circuit demonstrated by Tests.
• Neutral terminal of winding with Star / Zigzag
connection shall be designed for the highest
fault level.

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 POWER TRANSFORMERS
• Noise level and vibration to meet NEMA TR1
Standard.
• Transformers to be designed to suppress 3rd
and 5th harmonic to eliminate wave distortion.

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SPECIFICATIONS OF TRANSFORMER

1. MAKE

2. APPLICATION

3. LOCATION - INDOOR / OUTDOOR

4. KVA RATINGS

5. NUMBER OF WINDINGS

6. VOLTAGE RATIO

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SPECIFICATIONS OF TRANSFORMER

7. PERCENTAGE IMPEDANCE

8. VECTOR GROUP

9 TAP CHANGER TYPE - OCTC / OLTC

10. TAP RANGE

11. LOSSES

A) NO LOAD

B) FULL LOAD

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SPECIFICATIONS OF TRANSFORMER

12. EFFICIENCY
A) 1/4 LOAD
B) 1/2 LOAD
C) 3/4 LOAD
D) FULL LOAD

13. TEMPERATURE RISE

14. POWER FREQUENCY VOLTAGE WITHSTAND
- HV
- LV
15. IMPULSE VOLTAGE WITHSTAND
- HV
- LV

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SPECIFICATIONS OF TRANSFORMER

16. TYPE OF COOLING - ONAN / ONAF / OFAF

17. PARALLEL OPERATION REQUIRED

18. NEUTRAL EARTHING

19. WINDING INSULATION - UNIFORM / TAPERED

20. BUSHINGS

21. TERMINATION - BUSDUCT / CABLES

22. CLEARANCES

23. MOUNTING - PLINTH MOUNTING / PEDESTAL / POLE

MOUNTING

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SPECIFICATIONS OF TRANSFORMER

24. ACCESSORIES :
A) CONSERVATOR
B) SILICA GEL BREATHER
C) OIL FILLING PLUG
D) OIL DRAIN / SAMPLING PLUG.
E) WINDING TEMP INDICATOR WITH CONTACTS
F) OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR WITH CONTACTS
G) BUCH HOLZ RELAY WITH CONTACTS
H) PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICE

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 SPECIFICATIONS OF TRANSFORMER

24. I) JACKING PADS

J) EARTHING PADS
K) MARSHALLING BOX
L) OLTC DRIVE MECHANISM BORE ( IF SPECIFIED)
M) NEUTRAL CT
N) BUSHING CTS

25. EXTERNAL COLOUR SHADE

26. CAPITALISATION OF LOSSES

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 STANDARDS

IS : 2026

PART - 1 - GENERAL

PART - 2 - TEMPERATURE RISE TEST

PART - 3 - DIELECTRIC TESTS

PART - 4 - TERMINAL MARKINGS

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 TESTING OF TRANSFORMER

1. TYPE TESTS
A) MEASUREMENT OF WINDING RESISTANCE
B) MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE RATIO AND
CHECK OF VOLTAGE VECTOR RELATIONSHIP
C) MEASUREMENT OF IMPEDANCE VOLTAGE /
SHORT CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE (PRINCIPAL
TAPPING) AND LOAD LOSS
D) MEASUREMENT OF NO LOAD LOSS AND
CURRENT

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 TESTING OF TRANSFORMER

1. E) MEASUREMENT OF INSULATION RESISTANCE

F) DIELECTRIC TESTS

G) TEMPERATURE RISE TEST

H) TESTS ON ON-LOAD TAP CHANGERS,

WHEREVER APPROPRIATE

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 TESTING OF TRANSFORMER

2. ROUTINE TESTS

A) MEASUREMENT OF WINDING RESISTANCE

B) MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE RATIO AND CHECK OF
VOLTAGE VECTOR RELATIONSHIP
C) MEASUREMENT OF IMPEDENCE VOLTAGE / SHORT
CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE (PRINCIPAL TAPPING) AND LOAD
LOSS
D) MEASUREMENT OF NO LOAD LOSS AND CURRENT
E) MEASUREMENT OF INSULATION RESISTANCE
F) DIELECTRIC TESTS
G) TESTS ON ON-LOAD TAP CHANGERS, WHEREVER
APPROPRIATE

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 TESTING OF TRANSFORMER

3. SPECIAL TESTS
A) DIELECTRIC TESTS
B) MEASUREMENT OF ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE OF
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
C) SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
D) MEASUREMENT OF ACOUSTIC NOISE LEVEL
E) MEASUREMENT OF THE HARMONICS OF THE NO LOAD
CURRENT
F) MEASUREMENT OF THE POWER TAKEN BY THE FANS
AND OIL PUMPS

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 TESTING OF TRANSFORMER

IF SPECIAL TESTS OTHER THAN THOSE LISTED ABOVE ARE

REQUIRED, THE TEST METHOD SHALL BE SUBJECT TO THE

AGREEMENT BETWEEN MANUFACTURER AND THE PURCHASER.

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 REJECTION
• No load loss exceeds the guaranteed value of
20 % or more.
• Load loss exceeds the guaranteed value of 20
% or more.
• Impedance value exceeds the guaranteed
values of ± 10 % or more.

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 REJECTION
• The difference in impedance values of any two
phases during single phase short circuit
impedance test exceeds 2 % of the average
value guaranteed by the VENDOR.
• Oil or Winding temperature rise exceeds the
specified value by 5 ° C.

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 REJECTION
• Transformer fails on impulse test.
• Transformer fails on power frequency high
voltage withstand test.

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 TCE REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

• TCE. M4-200-11 - Specn. For Power Transformer

• TCE. M4-200-01 – Specn. For Distribution Transformer
• TCE. M4-200-51 – Specn. For On Load Tap Changing Gear for Transformer
• TCE. M12-EL-TFP-001 – Guide Lines for Filling DSA of Power Transformer
• TCE. M12-EL-200-002 – Guide Lines for Filling DSA of Distribution
Transformer
• TCE. M3 EL-CL-TEP-001 – Vendor Dwg Review Check List-Transformer
• TCE. M5-EL-EOP-TF-5001 – Inspection Checklist-Transformer

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