POWER

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEM

2.2 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSMISSION

SYSTEM

FOR LEVEL 1
2.1 Introduction to distribution system:

 That part of power system which distributes electric power for local use is
known as distribution system. In general, the distribution system is the
electrical system between the sub-station fed by the distribution system and
the consumers meters. It generally consists of feeders, distributors and the
service-mains.
Distribution system parts
2.1.1 Feeders

 A feeder is a conductor which connects the sub-station (or localised

generating station) to the area where power is to be distributed. Generally, no
tapings are taken from the feeder so that current in it remains the same
throughout. The main consideration in the design of a feeder is the current
carrying capacity.
 2.1.2 DISTRIBUTOR:

 A distributor is a conductor from which tapings are taken for supply to the
consumers. In Fig. above: AB, BC, CD and DA are the distributors. The current
through a distributor is not constant because tapings are taken at various places
along its length. While designing a distributor, voltage drop along its length is the
main consideration since the statutory limit of voltage variations is ± 6% of rated
value at the consumers’ terminals.
 2.1.3 SERVICE MAINS:

 A service mains is generally a small cable which connects the distributor to

the consumers’ terminals.

 The main electrical service is what connects your main electrical panel to
the power grid. It takes the electrical current from the utility company and
steps it down to a level that the main electrical panel can handle. From there,
the panel sends the power through your home.
Service mains preview:
2.1.4 CLASSIFICATION OF DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS:

 A distribution system may be classified according to:

Nature of Current

Type of Construction

Scheme of Connection
Cont.

 Nature of current: According to nature of current, distribution system may be

classified as

(a) DC distribution system

(b) AC distribution system.

Now-a-days, AC system is universally adopted for distribution of electric power as it is

simpler and more economical than direct current method.
 Cont.

 Type of construction: According to type of construction, distribution system

may be classified as
(a) overhead system
(b) underground system.

The overhead system is generally employed for distribution as it is 5 to 10 times

cheaper than the equivalent underground system.
 Cont.

 Overhead system: An overhead power line is a structure used in electric power transmission and distribution to
transmit electrical energy along large distances. It consists of one or more conductors (commonly multiples of three
wires) supported by Poles or towers.
 Cont.

 Underground system: The electric power distribution can be done using a method like undergrounding
as an alternative to overhead power transmission. These cables have low visibility and not affected by bad
-weather. But, the cost of these cables is high and laying process is time-consuming instead of overhead
building. The finding of faults in underground distribution lines takes much time for repairing as well as
faulty locating.
 Cont.

 Scheme of Connection: According to scheme of connection, the

distribution system may be classified as;

A. Radial system

B. Ring main system

C. Inter-connected system
 Radial System:

 In this system, separate feeders radiate from a single substation and feed the distributors at one end only. Fig.
(ii) shows a single line diagram of radial system for AC distribution.
 Ring main system:

 In this system, the primaries of distribution transformers form a loop. The loop circuit starts from the
substation bus-bars, makes a loop through the area to be served, and returns to the substation. The
distributors are tapped from different points M, O and Q of the feeder through distribution
transformers.
 ADVANTAGES:
(a) There are less voltage fluctuations at consumer’s terminals.
(b) The system is very reliable as each distributor is fed via *two feeders. In the event of fault on any section of the
feeder, the continuity of supply is maintained.
 Inter-connected system:

 When the feeder ring is energised by two or more than two generating stations or substations, it is
called inter-connected system. Fig. 12.10 shows the single line diagram of interconnected system
where the closed feeder ring ABCD is supplied by two substations S1 and S2 at points D and C
respectively.

 ADVANTAGES:

(a) It increases the service reliability.

(b) Any area fed from one generating station during peak load hours can be fed from the other generating
station.
A.C. DISTRIBUTION:

 Now-a-days electrical energy is generated, transmitted and

distributed in the form of alternating current.
 Alternating current in preferred to direct current is the fact that
alternating voltage can be conveniently changed by means of a
transformer.
 The AC distribution system is classified into :
A. Primary distribution system
B. Secondary distribution system
A. Primary Distribution
Cont.

 It is that part of AC distribution system which operates at voltages somewhat higher

than general utilisation than the average low- voltage consumer uses the most

commonly used ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION BASICS

FOR LEVEL primary distribution voltages are 11 kV, 33 kV and 66kV Primary

distribution is carried out by 3-phase, 3-wire system.

B. Secondary Distribution
Cont.

 It is that part of AC distribution system employs 400/230 V, 3-phase, 4-wire system. shows a typical
secondary distribution system.

 The primary distribution circuit delivers power to various substations, called distribution substations.
The substations are situated near the consumers’ localities and contain step down transformers.

 At each distribution substation, the voltage is stepped down to 400 V and power is delivered by 3-
phase,4-wire AC system.

 The voltage between any two phases is 400 V and between any phase and neutral is 230 V.
2.2 Introduction to Transmission system

 Electrical energy, after being produced at generating stations is transmitted to the

consumers for utilization.

 This is due to the fact that generating stations are usually situated away from the load
centres.

 The network that transmits and delivers power from the producers to the consumers is
called the transmission system.

 This energy can be transmitted in AC or DC form. Traditionally, AC has been used for
years now, but HVDC (High Voltage DC) is rapidly gaining popularity.
Single Line Diagram Of AC Power Transmission System

SDL.
Cont.

 Stepping up the voltage level depends upon the distance at which power
is to be transmitted. Longer the distance, higher will be the voltage level.

 Stepping up of voltage is to reduce the I2R losses in transmitting the

power (when voltage is stepped up, the current reduces by a relative
amount so that the power remains constant, and hence I2R loss also
reduces).

 This stage is called as primary transmission.

Electrical power network
END

Thank