COPD,CHRONIC

BRONCHITIS,EMPHYSEM
a
By
Harini A
Assistant professor
EMPHYSEMA
• It is a lung disease which involves in damage to the alveoli results in
accumulation of fluid in the alveoli.
Types:
• Centriacinar emphysema
• Panacinar emphysema
• Para septal emphysema
Centriacinar emphysema:
Emphysema occurs in the respiratory bronchioles and spreads
peripherally.
Panacinar emphysema:
Destruction of respiratory bronchioles alveoli and alveolar duct.
Para septal emphysema:
Destruction of airway structure, alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs.
causes
• Smoking
• Inhaling toxins
• Respiratory infections
• Advanced aging
• HIV infections
• Exposure to pollutants
• Exposure to fumes and dust
pathophysiology
Due to etiological causes

Loss of elasticity in the airway

Irritation of alveoli

Damage to the lungs

Collapse of the lung tissue

Hypoxemia
Clinical manifestation

• Breathing difficulties
• Coughing
• Wheezing, cyanosis
• Hypoxia
• Choking sound during respiration
• Pursed lip breathing
• Swelling of ankle and legs
• Heart failure
Diagnostic evaluation
• History collection
• Physical examination
• Chest X-ray
• CT scan
• CBC
• Pulse oximetry
• PFT
• Sputum culture.
Management
Medical management:
Bronchodilators e.g.; salbutamol
Anticholinergics e.g.; ipratropium bromide
Steroids e.g.; Dexamethasone
Antibiotics e.g.; penicillin,Amoxycillin,erythromycin,Azithromycin
Surgical management
• Lung reduction surgery
• Bullectomy
• Lung transplantations
Conservative management
• Adequate oxygen supply
• Deep breathing and coughing exercise
• Pursed lip breathing
• Diaphragmatic breathing exercise
• Chest percussion
• Avoid exposure of cold environment
BRONCHITIES
• It is an inflammation of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tubes

INCIDENCE: Affects any age groups but frequently attacks the people
average age range from 18 to 29 years.
Causes
• Common cold
• Flue
• Influenza A and B
• Micro plasma pneumonia
• Smoking
• Exposure to fumes and dust
• GERD
types
• Acute bronchitis :
Infection and other factors that irritate the lungs.
• Chronic bronchitis:
Bronchial tubes constantly irritated and inflamed
Pathophysiology
Due to etiological causes

Pollutant irritates airway

Hyper secretion of mucous in the bronchial walls

Inflammation

Bronchial walls become thick

Narrowing od bronchioles

Air way obstruction

Clinical manifestation
• Running nose
• Vomiting
• Sore throat
• Chest discomfort
• Shortness of breath
• Fatigue
• fever
Diagnostic evaluation
• History collection
• Physical examination
• Chest x ray
• Sputum culture
• Throat swab culture
• Pulse oximetry
Medical management
• Antibiotics
• Steroids
• Anti-inflammatory drugs e.g.; Aspirin
• Broncho dilators e.g.; salbutamol
• Nebulization e.g.; Asthalin
Conservative management
• Adequate rest
• Plenty of oral fluids
• Ginger tea or lemon tea
• Deep breathing and coughing excercise
COPD COLD OR

COPD: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

It is a combination or group of disorder which includes emphysema,

chronic bronchitis and Asthma that blocks the airflow and difficult to
breathe.
Causes and risk factors
• Cigarette smoking
• Alcoholism
• Hereditary
• Exposure to air pollution
• Chronic exposure to chemicals
• Occupational irritancies
• Genetic abnormalities
pathophysiolgy
Due to etiological causes

Affects ciliary mucosa of the respiratory tract

Air flow is obstructed

Alveoli greatly distended

Lung capacity depressed

Chronic irritation of lung tissue

Infection

COPD
Stages
• Stage 0: normal spirometry chronic symptoms of cough and sputum
production
• Stage 1(mild): FEV less than 70%, may not have chronic symptom off
cough and sputum production.
• Stage 2 ( moderate): FEV is between 30 to 80% may or may not have
cough and sputum production.
• Stage 3(severe): FEV is less than 30%. Chronic symptom of cough and
sputum production.
Clinical manifestation
• Coughing
• Dyspnea
• Phelgm
• Wheezing
• Tightness of chest
• Tachypnea
• Prolonged expiration
• Hemoptysis
Diagnostic evaluation
• History collection
• Physical examination
• CT scan
• Chest x-ray
• ABG analysis
• Pulse oximetry
• PFT
Medical management
• Broncho dilators e.g. salbutamol
• Anticholinergics e.g. ipratropium bromide
• Steroids e.g. Dexamethasone
• Anti inflammatory drugs e.g.; theophylline
• Antihistamine e.g.; cetirizine
• Β2 Adrenergic agonist e.g.; epinephrine
• Mucolytic e.g.; acetylcholine, N acetyl cysteine
• Antibiotics e.g.; penicillin,amoxcylline,cephalosporin and cephataxim
Surgical management
• Bullectomy
• Lung volume reduction surgery
Conservation management:
Nebulization
Oxygen therapy
Fowlers position
Deep brathing and coughing exercise
Chest physiotherapy