MENG 102

Engineering Graphics and Visualization

Lecture SL3
Prepared by:
Dr. Mahmoud Alzahrani
Mechanical Engineering Department
King Abdulaziz University

Winter 2022
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 Contents

• Orthographic Cast Shadows on a Line

• Orthographic Cast Shadows on Blocks
• Orthographic Cast Shadows on Cylinders
• Shading Basics
• Shading Blocks
• Shading Cylinders
• Shading Notes

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 Orthographic Cast Shadows on a Line

• Choose a light direction (LD)

from the source.

SD
• Choose a shadow direction
(SD)

SD
• Cast shadows can be
determined by finding the SD LD
intersection point between
LD and SD. LD SD
LD 3
 Orthographic Cast Shadows on Blocks
• A dash line represents hidden lines behind
faces of an object.

• Apply the same principle to the vertical lines

on the block.

• LD will be in the same direction for every line.

• The same applies to SD.

• Connect the intersection points between LD

and SD for every line.

• The area formed by the connection is the cast

shadow region. 4
 Orthographic Cast Shadows on Cylinders

• For a cylinder, the cast shadow is Ellipse center

determined by the cylinder axis.

• Draw an ellipse with the same size as the

cylinder top at the intersection point.

Ellipse center
• Connect the ellipse to the base with two
tangent lines.

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 Shading Basics
Highlight
• Cast Shadow: The shadow formed by the
Mid tone
object blocking a light source.
Light Source
Core Shadow
• Core Shadow: The shaded part of an object Highlight
Cast Shadow
opposite to the light direction.

Core Shadow
• Highlight: The part of the object facing the
Mid tone
light direction. Cast Shadow

• Mid tone: Transitional part between core

shadow and highlight.
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 Shading Basics
Straight Surfaces
• Use cross-hatching to simulate different shades.

Highlight Mid tone Core Shadow

• Use this method to shade straight surfaces (e.g. blocks).

• For cast shadows, just fill in the area to appear darker than core shadows.

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 Shading Basics
Curved Surfaces
• For curved surfaces, the midtone shade will overlap with the core
shadow shade.

• Create construction lines to determine the overlap regions.

Highlight Mid tone Core Shadow

• Use this method on curved surfaces (e.g. Cylinders).

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 Shading Blocks
• Draw the block and the cast shadow
as explained before. Light Source
Highlight

• shade the cast shadow area (almost Core

shadow
a solid fill).

• Shade the mid tone area. Mid tone

• Shade the core shadow area.

Cast Shadow

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 Shading Blocks
• Draw the block and the cast shadow
as explained before. Light Source
Highlight

• shade the cast shadow area (almost Core

shadow
a solid fill).

• Shade the mid tone area. Mid tone

• Shade the core shadow area.

Cast Shadow

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 Shading Cylinders
• Draw the cylinder and the cast shadow as explained
before.
Light Source

• shade the cast shadow area (almost a solid fill). Highlight

• Draw construction lines for overlap regions.

Core shadow
• Shade the mid tone area.
Mid tone
• Shade the core shadow area.
Cast Shadow
• Outline if necessary. 11
 Shading Notes
• There are many ways to produce tonal shades.

• Use whichever you’re comfortable with as long as it

conveys the necessary information about the object.

• You do not need to produce an exact solid fill for cast

shadows.

• Both sketches convey the same information about the cast

shadow to the observer, but one is quicker to produce.
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 Shading Notes (Cont.)
• Light bounces from the ground to brighten parts of an object.

• This type of light produces reflected highlights on the object.

• You can ignore this type of highlights in

your sketches.

Reflected highlight
Bouncing light

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THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING

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