UNIT 3:

DC-Motor and Single –Phase

Transformer
 DC- MOTOR
 An electric motor takes electric power input and converts it into mechanical power output.
 For such a conversion, magnetic flux is necessary.
 Electric motor is a rotary machine. It has basically two parts- stator and rotor.
 Today, electric motors are available in a wide range of size, power rating and performance characteristics
 Basic Principle of electric motor
 In any electric motor, two magnetic fluxes are
necessary to produce the rotation. One flux is
produced by the stator and second flux is produced
by the rotor.
 Direction of the two fluxes should be
different at some location on the rotor. Generally,
the stator flux is a strong flux and rotor flux is
a weaker flux. The rotor flux disturbs the stator
flux at local points. Hence, the resultant flux at
that location is a vector sum of these two fluxes.
 The reshaped flux lines tend to regain the
original shape of the stronger flux. Due to
this, a force acts on the movable member (rotor).
Direction of the force is opposite to the direction
of distortion.
 The reshaped flux lines tend to regain the original shape of the stronger flux. Due to this, a force
acts on the movable member (rotor). Direction of the force is opposite to the direction of
distortion.
 This force has one component along the tangent to the rotor circumference. Due to this
component, a torque is produced. Hence the rotor starts rotating.
 Fleming’s left hand rule

Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a force is exerted

on the conductor. To obtain the direction of the force, hold the first 3 fingers of the
left hand such that the pointing finger indicates direction of background magnetic flux and the
longest finger indicates direction of the current in conductor. Then, the thumb indicates direction
of the force on conductor
 TYPES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS
 Depending on the nature of supply voltage , electric motors can be classified as,
1)AC motors 2) DC motors
3) AC-DC motors 4) Digital motors

1)AC motors:-
i)Robust construction, hence less maintenance
ii) Large output for small sizes
iii) Low cost
iv) Large range of characteristics available with different types of ac motors

2) DC motors:-
i)They can be controlled in better way.
ii)They can be run at very low speed
iii) A large range of characteristics available with different types of d.c. motors

3) AC-DC motors:-
They are useful because they can be operate on ac supply or dc supply

4) Digital motors:-
They operate on digital supply i.e. voltage pulses.
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF DC MOTOR

Construction of DC motor:
Main parts:1) Field system on the stator
2) Armature system on the rotor
3) Commutator and brushes
1)Field system:
 Field system consists of magnets. Electromagnets
get used in bigger motors, permanent magnet used
in small motors. There are two parts in electromagnet.
-(main) poles and (main)winding.
 Each pole has two parts- Pole core and pole shoe.
Pole core is rectangular shaped and the pole shoe is
wider then pole core. Poles are made of insulated steel
laminations used to reduce the dynamically induced
eddy currents in the pole.
 The poles are fitted on inner surface of yoke
 Field winding is an insulated copper winding on poles. When dc current is passed in the field winding N-S-N-
S-… sequence of magnetic poles is formed on the circumference.
 When dc current is passed in the field winding , a dc magnetic flux is produced at the poles called ‘Main
Flux’. The pole shoes spread the main flux over the armature
 Yoke: Yoke is the outermost cylindrical body
of the motor. It is made of cast iron or cast steel
or rolled steel.
 Interpoles and interpole winding: These are
sometimes used in a bigger d.c. motor to improve the
commutation. Interpole size is smaller than the main
pole Interpole winding is connected in series with the
armature winding.
2) Armature System:-
 It consists of the armature core and the armature
winding.
 The armature core is a steel cylinder fitted on the
central shaft of the motor. The armature core has
slots on its outer surface. It is made of insulated, circular steel laminations which reduce eddy current losses.
 The armature winding is made using insulated Copper conductors. The conductors are laid in insulated armature
slots.
 One end of each conductor is connected to another conductor in a different slot. Other end of each conductor is
connected to a commutator segment.
 When a d.c. current is passed in the armature winding, each armature conductor produces a magnetic flux.
Interaction between this ‘conductor flux’ and the ‘main flux’ results into a force on the armature conductors.
3) Commutator and brushes:-

 The commutator is a ring of copper segments.

 Each segment is wedge shaped. Neighbouring segments are
insulated from each other using mica layers.
 The commutator ring is mounted on one end of the motor shaft.
The commutator is insulated from the shaft. Each segment is
connected to an armature conductor.

 Each brush is a rectangular Carbon piece. The brushes are

fixed on the stator body at one end of the motor.
 Each brush is pressed on the commutator surface. The number
of brushes is equal to the number of main poles.
 The brushes are connected to armature terminals. Armature
terminals and field terminals are available on the terminal box
on stator.
FUNCTION OF ALL PARTS IN A D.C.
MOTOR
 WORKING OF DC MOTOR
 When dc voltage is applied to the motor,
dc current flows in the field winding and
the armature winding.
 N and S poles are formed on the stator
and magnetic flux is produced. Also, each
armature conductor produces its own
magnetic flux.
 Interaction between these two fluxes
results in a force on each conductor.
 Magnitude of the force on each conductor
is given by F =B I L where B = flux density around the conductor, I = current in the armature
conductor, L=length of the armature conductor.
 Direction of this force is given by Fleming’s left hand rule. One component of this force that is
tangential to the armature cylinder results into a torque.
 Due to the torque, the conductors rotate i.e. the armature rotates.
 All conductors should produce a torque in the same direction. When same conductor is under
opposite natured poles, current in it should be in opposite direction.
 But, the dc source always supplies the current in one direction. Hence, connection of a conductor to
the dc supply are reversed at the magnetic neutral plane. Commutator is used for this reversal.
TYPES OF DC MOTOR

1) Permanent magnet d.c. motor

2) Separately excited d.c. motor
3) Shunt d.c. motor
4) Series d.c. motor
5) Compound d.c. motor
 Speed torque characteristics of dc motor
 Torque of a dc motor is T = øIa
Where, P =no of poles,
ø = main flux produced by field winding current ‘If’ ,
Z = no. of conductors,
A =no. of parallel paths,
 Speed of a dc motor is N =
where V=Supply voltage,
Ia = Armature current,
Ra = resistance of the armature winding,
ϕ = main flux produced by field winding current ‘If’.
Hence, ϕ is directly proportional to ‘If ‘. A, Z, P are certain constants.

 Thus,

 In a dc motor, if mechanical load increase, armature current Ia increases. Then from eq (1) , the torque
increases. And from eq (2) the speed decrease due to term ‘–IaRa ‘ in the denominator
1)For a series motor
 Field winding is connected in series with the armature
winding. Hence, field current and armature current
are same. Hence,
 As mechanical load increases, armature current Ia
increases, speed decreases by a large value due to the term Ia in the denominator.
 At no load, Ia is negligible. i.e. If is negligible. Hence, speed is infinite at no load.
The motor should never be used at no load.
 As , the series motor develops higher starting torque than a shunt motor.
2) For a shunt motor
 Field winding is connected in parallel with armature.
 The field current and magnetic flux do not depend on
mechanical load.
 When the mechanical load increases, the speed decreases by a very small value, speed
is almost constant at all loads.
 The shunt motor has finite speed at no load.
 Used to drive constant speed lathes. Used in control engineering, machine tools,
robots.
3) For compound motor:-
 It has both shunt field and series field. For small load,
small Ia, it behaves as a shunt motor. For large load,
large Ia, it behaves as a series motor.
 In this motor, as mechanical load increases, the decrease in the speed is more than in
the shunt motor, but less than in the series motor.
 The motor has finite speed at no load.
 The motor develops high starting torque as compared to shunt motor.
 Used for punching machines, metal shears, presses, cranes, hoists, lifts, elevators
4) For permanent magnet dc motor:-
 Main flux produced by permanent magnets is constant. Hence size of the machine is
small.
 This motor can be controlled accurately by varying voltage applied to the armature.
Hence, these machines are used in controlling equipment, in robotics etc.
HP RATING OF MOTOR
 Horse power is the unit of mechanical power.
 For electric motors, 1 hp = 746 W (British hp)
 Let N= speed in rpm and T= torque in Nm
 Then, Mechanical power developed by motor = Watt
 Hence, hp rating of motor = where T = full load torque in Nm