Lec 3 Measurement of Work Power and Energy Expenditure

Chapter 6
Measurement of Work, Power, and Energy

Expenditure
Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 6
Objectives
1. Define the terms work, power, energy, and net efficiency.
2. Give a brief explanation of the procedure used to calculate work
performed during: (a) cycle ergometer exercise and (b) treadmill
exercise.
3. Describe the concept behind the measurement of energy
expenditure using: (a) direct calorimetry and (b) indirect
calorimetry.
2
Chapter 6 Measurement of Work and Power
Work, Energy and Power

 An understanding of terms work and power is
necessary in order to compute human work output
and the associated exercise efficiency.
 Work is defined as the product of force times
distance: Work = force x distance
 Power is defined as work divided by time:
Power = work ÷ time
3
Chapter 6
Force
is that which change or tries to change the state of rest or motion of
an object.
Work
is the quantification of force operating upon a mass causing it to
change location.
Power
is defined as the rate at which work is performed
4
Chapter 6 Work and Power Defined
Work
• Work = force x distance
• In SI units:
• Work (J) = force (N) x distance (m)
• Example:
• Lifting a 10-kg (97.9-N) weight up a distance of 2 m
• 1 kg = 9.79 N, so 10 kg = 97.9 N
97.9 N x 2 m = 195.8 N-m = 195.8 J
• 1 N-m = 1 J, so 195.8 N-m = 195.8 J
8
Chapter 6 Work and Power Defined
Power
• Power = work ÷ time
• In SI units:
• Power (W) = work (J) ÷ time (s)
• Example:
• Performing 20,000 J of work in 60 s
20,000 J ÷ 60 s = 333.33 J•s–1 = 333.33 W
• 1 W = 1 J•s–1, so 333.33 J•s–1 = 333.33 W
10
Measurement of Work and Power

• Ergometry
• Measurement of work output
• Ergometer
• Device used to measure work
• Bench step ergometer
• Cycle ergometer
• Arm ergometer
• Treadmill
12
Ergometers used in the Measurement of

Human Work Output and Power
13
Chapter 6
Bench Step
14
Bench Step
• Subject steps up and down at specified rate
• Example:
• 70-kg subject, 0.5-m step, 30 steps•min–1 for 10 min
• Total work = force x distance
• Force = 70 kg x 9.79 N•kg–1 = 685.3 N
• Distance = 0.5 m•step–1 x 30 steps•min–1 x 10 min = 150 m
685 N x 150 m = 102,795 J

102,795 J ÷ 600 s = 171.3 W
15
Chapter 6
Cycle Ergometer
16
Cycle Ergometer
• Stationary cycle that allows accurate measurement of work
performed
• Example:
• 1.5-kg (14.7-N) resistance, 6 m•rev–1, 60 rev•min–1 for 10 min
• Total work
14.7 N x 6 m•rev–1 x 60 rev•min–1 x 10 min = 52,920 J

• Power
52, 290 J ÷ 600 s = 88.2 W
17
Chapter 6
18
Determination of Percent Grade on a

Treadmill
19
Figure 6.2
Treadmill
Work can be calculated for a participant moving on a treadmill by
knowing
•Participant’s body weight, and the percentage grade and speed.
speed
Vertical Displacement = % grade × distance travelled
distance travelled = speed of treadmill (m min−1) × total min of
exercise
20
Treadmill
Work performed by a participant of 60 kg body mass,
running at a treadmill speed of 200 m min−1 up a 7.5
% gradient for 10 min would be:
• 60-kg (587.4-N) subject, speed 200 m•min–1, 7.5% grade

for 10 min
• Vertical displacement = % grade x distance
0.075 x (200 m•min–1 x 10 min) = 150 m
• Work = body weight x total vertical distance
587.4 N x 150 m = 88,110 J
88,110 J ÷ 600 s = 146.9 W
21
Chapter 6
Work performed by a participant of 70 kg body mass, running at a treadmill speed
of 150 m min−1 up a 5% gradient for 10 min would be:
Vertical displacement = 0.05 x (150 m•min–1 x 10 min)

= 75 m
Work = 685.3 × 75 m
= 51397.5 J
Calculation of work performed during horizontal movement is complicated because

the vertical displacement of the body is not easy to measure.
22
Chapter 6
Study Questions
1. Calculate the total amount of work performed in five minutes of
exercise on the cycle ergometer, given the following:
Resistance on the flywheel = 25 N Cranking
speed = 60 rpm Distance traveled
per revolution = 6 m
2. Compute total work and power output per minute for ten minutes of
treadmill exercise, given the following: Treadmill grade =
15% Horizontal speed
= 200 m•min –1
Subject’s weight
= 70 kg
3. Compute total work and power for 5 minutes step up and down
exercise , given the following
50-kg subject,
0.35-m step,
40 steps•min–1 for 5 min
23
Chapter 6
Measurement of Energy Expenditure

The measurement or estimation of energy expenditure allows the
exercise physiologist to assess the physiological cost of producing
physical work.
24
Direct calorimetry measurement of the amount of heat produced

by a subject enclosed within a small chamber.
• Measurement of heat production as an indication of metabolic rate
Foodstuffs + O2  ATP + heat

cell work
Heat
• Commonly measured in calories
• 1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 1,000 calories
• 1 kcal = 4,186 J or 4.186 kJ
25
Diagram of a Simple Calorimeter
26
Figure 6.3
Measurement of Energy Expenditure

• Indirect calorimetry
• Measurement of oxygen consumption as an estimate of resting metabolic rate
Foodstuffs + O2  Heat + CO2 + H2O

• VO2 of 1.0 L•min–1 = ~5 kcal or 21 kJ per minute
• Open-circuit spirometry
Determines VO2 by measuring amount of O2 consumed
27
Open-Circuit Spirometry
29
Figure 6.4
In Summary
 Measurement of energy expenditure at rest or during
exercise is possible using either direct or indirect
calorimetry.
 Direct calorimetry uses the measurement of heat
production as an indication of metabolic rate.
 Indirect calorimetry estimates metabolic rate via the
measurement of oxygen consumption.
30
Chapter 6 Estimation of Energy Expenditure
Estimation of Energy Expenditure

• Energy cost of horizontal treadmill walking or running
• O2 requirement increases as a linear function of speed
• Expression of energy cost in metabolic equivalents (MET)
• 1 MET = energy cost at rest
• 1 MET = 3.5 ml•kg–1•min–1
31
Relationship Between Work Rate and VO2 for

Cycling
32
Figure 6.6
The Relationship Between Walking or

Running Speed and VO2
33
Figure 6.5
Estimation of the O2 Requirement of Treadmill Walking

• Horizontal VO2 (ml•kg–1•min–1)
• 0.1 ml•kg–1•min–1/m•min–1 x speed (m•min–1) + 3.5 ml•kg–1•min–1
• Vertical VO2 (ml•kg–1•min–1)
• 1.8 ml•kg–1•min–1 x speed (m•min–1) x % grade
• Example:
• Walking at 80 m•min–1 at 5% grade
• Horizontal VO2:
0.1 ml•kg–1•min–1 x 80 m•min–1 + 3.5 ml•kg–1•min–1 = 11.5 ml•kg–1•min–1
• Vertical VO2:
1.8 ml•kg–1•min–1 x 80 m•min–1 x 0.05 = 7.2 ml•kg–1•min–1
• Total VO2:
11.5 ml•kg–1•min–1 + 7.2 ml•kg–1•min–1 = 18.7 ml•kg–1•min–1
(or 5.3 METs)
34
Estimation of the O2 Requirement of Treadmill Running

• Horizontal VO2 (ml•kg–1•min–1)
• 0.2 ml•kg–1•min–1/m•min–1 x speed (m•min–1) + 3.5 ml•kg–1•min–1
• Vertical VO2 (ml•kg–1•min–1)
• 0.9 ml•kg–1•min–1 x speed (m•min–1) x % grade
• Example:
• Running at 160 m•min–1 at 5% grade
• Horizontal VO2:
0.2 ml•kg–1•min–1 x 160 m•min–1 + 3.5 ml•kg–1•min–1 = 35.5 ml•kg–1•min–1
• Vertical VO2:
0.9 ml•kg–1•min–1 x 160 m•min–1 x 0.05 = 7.2 ml•kg–1•min–1
• Total VO2:
35.5 ml•kg–1•min–1 + 7.2 ml•kg–1•min–1 = 42.7 ml•kg–1•min–1
(or 12.2 METs)
35
Estimation of the O2 Requirement of

Cycling
• Comprised of three components:
• Resting VO2
• 3.5 ml•kg–1•min–1
• VO2 for unloaded cycling
• 3.5 ml•kg–1•min–1
• VO2 of cycling against external load
• 1.8 ml•min–1 x work rate x body mass–1
VO2 (ml•kg–1•min–1) = (1.8 x work rate / M )+ 7
• Work rate in kpm•min–1

• M = body mass in kg
• 7 = sum of resting VO2 and VO2 of unloaded cycling (ml.kg.min)
36
Chapter 6
Note: For Arm ergometer D =2.4 for monark

• Compute the oxygen cost of cycling (ml•kg–1•min–1) at work rates of
50, 75, 100, 125 w for a 60-kg person.
37
In Summary
 The energy cost of horizontal treadmill walking or
running can be estimated with reasonable accuracy
because the O2 requirements of both walking and
running increase as a linear function of speed.
 The need to express the energy cost of exercise in
simple terms has led to the development of the term
MET. One MET is equal to the resting VO2 (3.5 ml•kg–
1
•min–1).
38
Chapter 6
Efficiency
39
Chapter 6 Calculation of Exercise Efficiency
Calculation of Exercise Efficiency

• Net efficiency
• Ratio of work output divided by energy expended above rest
Work output
% net efficiency = x 100
Energy expended
above rest
• Net efficiency of cycle ergometry
• 15–27%
• Efficiency decreases with increasing work rate
• Curvilinear relationship between work rate and energy expenditure
40
Chapter 6
41
Factors That Influence Exercise Efficiency

• Exercise work rate
• Efficiency decreases as work rate increases
• Speed of movement
• There is an optimum speed of movement and any deviation reduces
efficiency
• Muscle fiber type
• Higher efficiency in muscles with greater percentage of slow fibers
42
Net Efficiency During Arm Crank

Ergometery
43
Figure 6.7
Relationship Between Energy Expenditure

and Work Rate
44
Figure 6.8
Effect of Speed of Movement of Net

Efficiency
45
Figure 6.9
In Summary
 Net efficiency is defined as the mathematical ratio of work
performed divided by the energy expenditure above rest,
and is expressed as a percentage.
 The efficiency of exercise decreases as the exercise work
rate increases. This occurs because the relationship
between work rate and energy expenditure is curvilinear.
 To achieve maximal efficiency at any work rate, there is an
optimal speed of movement.
 Exercise efficiency is greater in subjects who possess a
high percentage of slow muscle fibers compared to
subjects with a high percentage of fast fibers. This is due
to the fact that slow muscle fibers are more efficient than
fast fibers.
46
Chapter 6
Study Questions
1. Define the following terms:
a. work e. net efficiency
b. power f. metric system
c. percent grade g. SI units d.
relative VO2
2. Calculate the total amount of work performed in five minutes of
exercise on the cycle ergometer, given the following:
3. Compute total work and power output per minute for ten minutes of
treadmill exercise, given the following: Treadmill grade =
15% Horizontal speed
= 200 m•min–1 Subject’s weight
= 70 kg
47
Chapter 6
Study Questions
4. Briefly, describe the procedure used to estimate energy expenditure
using (a) direct calorimetry and (b) indirect calorimetry.
5. Compute the estimated energy expenditure during horizontal treadmill
walking for the following examples: a. Treadmill
speed = 50 m•min –1
Subject’s
weight = 62 kg b. Treadmill
speed = 100 m•min–1 Subject’s
weight = 75 kg c. Treadmill
speed = 80 m•min–1 Subject’s
weight = 60 kg
6. Calculate the estimated O2 cost of horizontal treadmill running for a
70-kg subject at 150, 200, and 235 m•min–1.
48
Chapter 6
Study Questions
7. Calculate net efficiency, given the following: Exercise
VO2 = 3.0 L•min–1 Resting VO2 = 0.3
L•min–1 Work rate = 200 W
8. Calculate the power output during one minute of cycle ergometer
exercise, given the following:
9. Calculate the total work performed during ten minutes of cycle
ergometer exercise, given the following:
49
Chapter 6
Study Questions
10. Calculate net efficiency, given the following: Resting
VO2 = 0.3 L•min–1 Exercise
VO2 = 2.1 L•min–1 Work rate = 150
W
11. Compute power output for three minutes of treadmill exercise, given
the following: Treadmill grade =
10% Horizontal speed = 100
m•min–1 Subject’s weight = 60 kg
12. Calculate the power output (expressed in watts) for a subject who
performed ten minutes of cycle ergometer exercise, given the
following: Resistance on the flywheel
= 20 N Cranking speed = 60 rpm
Distance traveled per revolution = 6 m
13. Compute the oxygen cost of cycling at work rates of 50, 75, 100, and
125 W for a 60-kg person.
50

Lec 3 Measurement of Work Power and Energy Expenditure

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Chapter 6

Measurement of Work, Power, and Energy

Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Work, Energy and Power

97.9 N x 2 m = 195.8 N-m = 195.8 J

• 1 N-m = 1 J, so 195.8 N-m = 195.8 J

20,000 J ÷ 60 s = 333.33 J•s–1 = 333.33 W

• 1 W = 1 J•s–1, so 333.33 J•s–1 = 333.33 W

Measurement of Work and Power

Ergometers used in the Measurement of

• Power = work ÷ time

14.7 N x 6 m•rev–1 x 60 rev•min–1 x 10 min = 52,920 J

Determination of Percent Grade on a

• 60-kg (587.4-N) subject, speed 200 m•min–1, 7.5% grade

Vertical displacement = 0.05 x (150 m•min–1 x 10 min)

Calculation of work performed during horizontal movement is complicated because

Measurement of Energy Expenditure

Direct calorimetry measurement of the amount of heat produced

Foodstuffs + O2  ATP + heat

Diagram of a Simple Calorimeter

Measurement of Energy Expenditure

Foodstuffs + O2  Heat + CO2 + H2O

Estimation of Energy Expenditure

Relationship Between Work Rate and VO2 for

The Relationship Between Walking or

Estimation of the O2 Requirement of Treadmill Walking

Estimation of the O2 Requirement of Treadmill Running

Estimation of the O2 Requirement of

• Work rate in kpm•min–1

Note: For Arm ergometer D =2.4 for monark

Calculation of Exercise Efficiency

Factors That Influence Exercise Efficiency

Net Efficiency During Arm Crank

Relationship Between Energy Expenditure

Effect of Speed of Movement of Net

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