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Hardware 1.1
Hardware 1.1
Hardware 1.1
INTRODUCTION
Identifying the
components
of system modules.
Motherboard
The spine of the The major
computer is mother
board, otherwise known components
as system board. inside a
motherboard
This is the olive green
or brown circuit board are:
that lines at the bottom The microprocessor
of the computer. The system's primary
ROM
This is the center of the
microcomputer system.
RAM
This connects all other Cache memory sections
components of a PC
together. Expansion slot
Motherboard
FIRMWARE
An Often-used micro program or instruction set stored
in ROM.
Usually refers to the ROM-based software that
controls an unit.
It is a software that is encoded into a ROM chip and
can be run without extra instruction from the
operating system.
Computers CMOS setup program is the best example
of Firmware.
Firmware is found in all computer based products
from Cameras to Digital Peripherals.
FIRMWARE
Power supply
Capacity,
Access time,
Physical type of media used.
STORAGE DEVICES
HARD
DISK
5 ¼’
FLOPPY
STORAGE DEVICES
3 ½’
FLOPPY CD DRIVE
TAPE
PEN DRIVE DRIVE
Display Devices
Display
device is the
first output
device
through
CRT which we are
going to work
LCD
with the
computer.
Monitor is the
first output
TFTP device
Adapter Cards
Adapter card
is the
electronics
board with
it’s own
processor
chip.
Sometimes it
is having it’s
own memory
to work with
system.
It is fixed to
the systems
PORT
It used to connect to input or
out put devices to the system.
External Ports
PORTS
SERIAL
All the male ports present in the computer are
serial ports.
Standard serial port :: male DB-9 pin port.
feet.
Standard serial port is used to connect computer
computers together.
Common serial cable configuration.
DB-15 HD
Male DB-15 HD
DB-25 used for Female
DB-25 monitor
Male used for Video
Female
port
PORTS
USB
female USB IEEE
male 1394
IEEE 1394
cable design
Infrared
device
PORTS
RCA Male
RCA Female connectors
connectors
PORTS
PS/2 female
connector
DIN-5 female
PS/2 female connector
and male
connector
DIN-5 Male
connector
PORTS
CENTRONIC
S
connectors
PORTS
Serial Port Cabling
PORTS
USB Ports
The Universal Serial Bus (USB) supports a wide
range of desktop peripherals from Keyboard to
digital cameras.
Nonintegrated
Each major assembly is installed in the computer
as an expansion card. The major assembly means it
refers to components like, video circuitry, disk
controllers and accessories.
MOTHERBOARD
MOTHERBOARD
System board Form Factors
AT
Processor, memory and expansion slots are all inline with each
other.
Now it is compressed to small in size called Baby AT, so only 1 or 2
full length expansion cards can be fixed. Processor is also far away from
power supply cooling fan, which needs extra cooling fins or fans for
processor. To over come this problem ATX has been designed.
ATX
it has processor and memory right angle to the expansion slots.
This arrangement puts the processor and memory in line with the
power supply fan. Where you can add comfortably the expansion slot
cards.
NLX (New Low-Profile extended)
It is a unique type of motherboard, here the expansion slots are
placed side ways on a special riser card.
MOTHERBOARD
FSB
It is the short form for Front Side Bus.
It is also known as the Memory BUS or System BUS.
This bus connects the CPU with the main memory and
is also used to connect to other components within
the computer.
The FSB can range from speeds of 66MHz, 133, 100,
266 MHz, 400 MHz and beyond.
System Bus 66
Processor Bus
Memory Bus
Cache Bus
Local I/O Bus
Bus Architecture
Expansion Bus
Communicati
on Network
Riser
PCMCIA (PC Card) Bus
PROCESSORS
Introduction
Processors Terminology
System Clock Speed
Processor Cache
Data Bus
Address Bus
Register Size
Multi-tasking
Multiprocessing
Processor Modes
PROCESSORS
The brain of computer is
the Central Processing
Unit (CPU).
This component does all
the calculations and
performs 90% of all the
operations of computer.
80386SX
80486
It was introduced in 1989 by
Intel and its versions like
80486 and 80486SL was a
popular choice for laptops
because of its low power
consumption and cost.
It uses a new
architecture called as
Net Burst that has a
faster system bus.
Architecture 90 nm, 130 nm process technology 90 nm, 130 nm, 180 nm process technology
L2 Cache 512 KB, 1 MB 256 KB, 512 KB, 1 MB
Clock Speed 2.40 to 3.40 GHz 1.30 to 2.80 GHz
Front Side Bus 800 MHz 400, 533 MHz
Chipset 800 MHz Intel® E7221, 875P, 865PE, 865G, NA
system bus 865GV, and 848P chipsets
Chipset 533 MHz Intel® 865P, 850 Chipset Family, Intel® 865P, 850 Chipset Family, 850E,
system bus 850E, 845PE, 845GE, 845GV, 845E 845PE, 845GE, 845GV, 845E and 845G
and 845G chipsets
Chipset 400 MHz NA Intel® 845GL and 845 chipsets
system bus
Socket mPGA478
Processor
Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor Supporting Hyper-Threading Technology†
Processor NumberΔ 670, 660, 650, 640, 630 571, 570J°, 561, 560J, 560, 551, 550J, 550, 541, 540J,
540, 531, 530J, 530, 521, 520J, 520
Architecture 90 nm process technology
L2 Cache 2 MB 1 MB
Clock Speed 3 to 3.80 GHz 2.80 to 3.80 GHz
Intel® Extended Yes Available on 571, 561, 551, 541, 531, and 521
Memory 64
TechnologyΦ
Execute Disable Bit° Yes Available on 571, 570J°,561, 560J, 551,550J, 541, 540J
,
531, 530J, 521, 520J
Not available on 560, 550,540, 530, 520
Summary of Processor
Specifications
Internal cache
Addressable Processor Speed Math Data
Chip Registers data / Voltage
Memory (MHz) Co-processor bus
instruction
Pentium with
4 GB 166 - 233 In-built 32-bit 64-bit 16KB/ 16KB 2.8 or 3
MMX
Pentium Pro 64 GB 120 - 200 In-built 64-bit 64-bit 8KB/ 8KB 3.1
DIP
SECC
MEMORY
SDRAM
employs a special internal registers and clock signals to
organize the data request from the memory.
It operates synchronously with the system clock. The two
versions of SDRAM are 2 clocks and 4 clocks.
SDR-SDRAM:
Single Data Rate SDRAM. It transfers the data on one edge of
the system clock signal.
SGRAM: Synchronous Graphic RAM.
It is designed to handle high performance graphics operation.
Here two memory pages can be opened at the same time.
ESDRAM: Enhanced SDRAM.
It employs small cache buffers to provide high data access
rate. Used in L2 cache application.
VCM-SDRAM: Virtual Channel Memory SDRAM.
It has onboard cache buffers to provide multiple access times
and to provide I/O transfer to each clock cycle. A special
chipset is required to support.
DDR-SDRAM:
Double Data Rate SDRAM. It can transfer data at both
Disabling on-board
COM / Serial ports
devices
Floppy drive
Disabling virus
Memory protection
Mouse
Hdd
Nic
Cd / cdrw
Sound card
Dvd / Dvdrw Video card
Power supply
Modem
Cooling systems SCSI
Processor /cpu Usb
Memory
Identifying
Typical IRQs, DMA, and
I/O addresses
Sound card
Internal modem
Multimedia devices
NIC
ports
Identifying For
installing and
configuring IDE devices
IDE
ATA
Serial ATA
PIO
Primary / secondary
Cable orientation / requirements