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Lecture 3
Lecture 3
Stratovolcanoes:
formed by the emission of thick, gassy, felsic lavas and showers of tephra
have steep slopes
tend toward explosive eruptions
Erosion of stratovolcanoes ultimately leaves a landscape of lava mesas, volcanic necks, and
dikes
Shield volcanoes:
result from eruption of basaltic (mafic) lavas
lavas are more fluid and contain little gas – form broadly rounded domes
As shield volcanoes become extinct and erode, their rounded forms are replaced by steep
canyons and sharp ridges
INTRUSIVE VOLCANIC LANDFORMS
Batholith:
Large rock masses formed due to cooling down and solidification of hot magma inside the earth
Appear on the surface after weathering and erosion removes overlying materials
form the core of large mountains
Granitic
Laccolith:
large dome-shaped intrusive igneous rocks which are connected by a pipe-like conduit with the magma
Lopolith:
Saucer shape feature formed when the Magma moves upwards
a portion of this magma moves in a horizontal direction where it finds a weak plane – forms lopolith
MINOR INTRUSIVE LANDFORMS
Sill:
form when magma intrudes between the rock
layers, forming a horizontal or gently-dipping
sheet of igneous rock
Dyke:
form as magma pushes up towards the surface
through cracks in the rock
vertical or steeply-dipping sheets of igneous rock
TECTONIC LANDFORMS
http://www.deepseachallenge.com/the-expedition/mariana-trench/
OCEAN RIDGES
crust is compressed and the hanging-wall block moves up and over the footwall block [convergent
boundaries]
When compression is severe (continent-continent collision) – rock layers can ride over each other on a low-
angle overthrust fault
Repeated faulting can produce a great rock cliff hundreds of meters high
LANDFORMS AND ROCK STRUCTURE
rock structure controls the locations of uplands and lowlands, as well as the routes of streams and rivers
affects landforms – different types of rocks are worn down by erosion at different rates (some rock types are
easily eroded, while others are more resistant)
weak rocks form valleys
strong rocks form hills, ridges, and uplands
LANDFORMS OF HORIZONTAL STRATA
butte is also a flat-topped hill with steep sides, though smaller in area than a mesa
rule of thumb – mesa has a top that is wider than its height, while a butte has a top that is
narrower than its height
CONICAL HILL
Homoclinal ridges are classified according to the angle of the dip slope
type of homoclinal ridge depends on the gradient at which the layers dip
CUESTA BASINS AND DOMES
hill or ridge with a gentle slope on one side, and a steep slope on the other
can form basin-shaped or dome-shaped structures
Basin – scarp slope will face the outside and the dip slope will face the inside
Dome – scarp slope faces the inside and the dip slope faces the outside
HELPFUL VIDEOS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ix2exmIx8k
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NQ3OTRwCyRw