CYCLOTRON

LAYOUTS

 Introduction to cyclotron.
 Principles.
 Construction
 Diagram
 Working of cyclotron.
 Calculations.
 Applications.
 Limitations.
 Advantages.
 CYCLOTRON

 A cyclotron is a device used to accelerate charged particles to high energies without use
of high voltage.
 It is a circular particle accelerator capable of generating particle energies between a 1
MeV to more than 100 MeV.
 Accelerate charged particles like protons, deuterons, etc. ions using electric and magnetic
field.
 INTRODUCTION

 The cyclotron was one of the earliest types of particle accelerators, and is still used as the
first stage of some large multi-stage particle accelerators.
 One of the most interesting applications of motion of charge particles in electric and
magnetic fields is Cyclotron.
 Cyclotrons produce very high energy Charge Particles
 𝑲. 𝑬 = 𝟏 𝟐 𝒎𝒗 𝟐
 Lawrence and M.S Livingston invented this machine in 1934.
 PRINCIPLES

 This is a charged particle accelerating device. The motion of the charged particle under
perpendicular magnetic field is only applied in the apparatus named cyclotron.
 Cyclotron works on the principle that a charged particle moving normal / perpendicular to
a magnetic field experiences magnetic Lorentz force due to which the particle moves in a
circular path.
 Lorentz’s Force is the basic principle of Cyclotron.
 Conceptually this device is very simple but it has huge uses in the field of engineering,
physics and medicine.
 CONSTRUCTION

 This device basically has three main constructional parts:

 Large sized electromagnet to create uniform magnetic field in between its two face-to-face
placed magnetic opposite poles.
 Two low height hollow half cylinders made of high conductive metals. These components
of cyclotron are called Dees.
 A high-frequency alternating high voltage source.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF CYCLOTRON

I. Magnetic system
II. Ion source system
III. Dees
IV. RF system
V. Extraction system
VI. Vacuum system
VII. Target assembly.
 WORKING OF CYCLOTRON

 When a positive ion of charge q and mass m is emitted from the source, it is accelerated
towards the Dee having a negative potential at that instant of time.
 Due to the normal magnetic field, the ion experiences magnetic Lorentz force and moves
in a circular path.
 By the time the ion arrives at the gap between the Dees, the polarity of the Dees gets
reversed.
 Hence the particle is once again accelerated and moves into the other Dee with a greater
velocity along a circle of greater radius.
 Thus the particle moves in a spiral path of increasing radius and when it comes near the
edge, it is taken out with the help of a deflector plate (D.P).
 The particle with high energy is now allowed to hit the target T.
 When the particle moves along a circle of radius r with a velocity v, the magnetic Lorentz
force provides the necessary centripetal force.
Bqv = v m 2/ r
 WORKING

 Production of charge particle.

 Acceleration of charge particle.
 Extraction of beam
 Bombardment of target
 CALCULATIONS
 In magnetic field magnetic force acts as a centripetal force.
𝒒𝒗𝑩 = 𝒎𝒗 𝟐 𝒓 𝒓 = 𝒎𝒗 𝒒𝑩.
 Radius at each turn increase due to increase in velocity, therefor its behaves like Spiral.
 Angular frequency
𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇
frequency is 𝒇 = 𝒒𝑩 𝟐𝝅𝒎
Time period T, 𝒇 = 𝟏 𝑻 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅𝒎 𝒒𝑩
Frequency and Time period is independent of radius.
𝒗 = 𝒒𝒓𝑩 𝒎 𝒓𝝎 = 𝒒𝒓𝑩 𝒎 𝒂𝒔 𝒗 = 𝒓𝝎 𝝎 = 𝒒𝑩 𝒎
 APPLICATIONS

 Best source of high-energy beams used for experiment in nuclear physics, where high
energy collisions are required.
 Cyclotrons can be used in particle therapy to treat cancer.
 Cyclotron beams can be used to bombard other atoms to produce short-lived positron-
emitting isotopes suitable for PET imaging .
LIMITATIONS

 Maintaining a uniform magnetic field over a large area of the Dees is difficult.
 At high velocities, relativistic variation of mass of the particle upsets the resonance
condition.
 At high frequencies, relativistic variation of mass of the electron is appreciable and hence
electrons cannot be accelerated by cyclotron.
 It cannot accelerate neutron, because neutron do not have any charge.
 The energy of charged particles emerging from cyclotron, is limited due to variation of
mass with velocity.
𝒎 = 𝒎 𝟎 /(𝟏 − 𝒗 𝟐/
𝒄 𝟐)1/2
 Where 𝒎 𝟎 is the rest mass
 m is the mass in motion when velocity is v and c is the velocity of light.
 ADVANTAGES

 Utilizes a single, electrical driver.

 This saves energy and $.
 High power due to continuous stream of particles.
 Compact design.