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Werner's Data
Werner's Data
Werner's Data
Studied by Werner
Werner’s Data*
Traditional Total Free Modern Charge of
Formula Ions Cl- Formula Complex Ion
.
CoCl3 6 NH3 4 3 [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 3+
CoCl . 5 NH
3 3 3 2 [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 2+
CoCl . 4 NH
3 3 2 1 [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl 1+
.
CoCl 3 NH 0 0 [Co(NH3)3Cl3] ---
3 3
Fig. 23.13
Valence Bond Theory
Hybrid Orbitals and Bonding in the Square Planar
[Ni(CN)4]2- Ion
Fig. 23.14
Valence Bond Theory
Hybrid Orbitals and Bonding in the
Tetrahedral [Zn(OH)4]2- ion
Fig. 23.15
Isomerism
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Isomerism
• Isomers: two compounds with the same formulas
but different arrangements of atoms.
• Coordination-sphere isomers and linkage isomers:
have different structures (i.e. different bonds).
• Geometrical isomers and optical isomers are
stereoisomers (i.e. have the same bonds, but
different spatial arrangements of atoms).
• Structural isomers have different connectivity of
atoms.
• Stereoisomers have the same connectivity but
different spatial arrangements of atoms.
Isomerism
Diastereomers Enantiomers
(Chiral:
Non-superimposable
Mirror Images)
Isomerism
Structural Isomerism
Fig. 23.11
Stereoisomerism
Fig. 23.12
Stereoisomerism
• Enantiomers are chiral: I.e. They are non-superimposable
mirror images.
• Enantiomers are “optical isomers.” eg. (+) and (-)
carvone
• Most physical and chemical properties of enantiomers are
identical.
• Therefore, enantiomers are very difficult to separate eg.
Tartaric acid…ask Louis Pasteur.
• Enzymes are catalysts that are very specific, acting on
only one enantiomer.
• Enantiomers can have very different physiological
effects: eg. (+) and (-) carvone
Chirality
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Optical Activity
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Optical Activity
(+) dextrorotatory
(-) levorotatory
The mirror image of an enantiomer will rotate the plane of polarized
light by the same amount in the opposite direction. Eg (+) d-carvone
+62o and (-) l-carvone -62o…. What about a 50:50 (racemic)
mixture?
Color and Magnetism
• Color of a complex depends on: (i) the metal and (ii)
its oxidation state.
• Pale blue [Cu(H2O)6]2+ can be converted into dark
blue [Cu(NH3)6]2+ by adding NH3(aq).
• A partially filled d orbital is usually required for a
complex to be colored.
• So, d 0 metal ions are usually colorless. Exceptions:
MnO4- and CrO42-.
• Colored compounds absorb visible light.
• The color our eye perceives is the sum of the light not
absorbed by the complex.
Color and Magnetism
Color
An Artist’s
Wheel
Fig. 23.16
Relation Between Absorbed and
Observed Colors
Absorbed Observed
Color (nm) Color (nm)
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