Compounding

Compounding is a process of forming a new lexeme by

combining two or more base lexemes into a complex
lexeme. Kata=kata yang membentuk compound
memiliki kedekatan hubungan semantis sehingga
sebuah compound identik dengan sebuah kata atau
sebuah leksem yang kompleks

a compound = a complex lexeme

 Compound Vs. Phrase
Ortographic Convensions
Some very well established compounds are written as one word,
with or without a hyphen (e.g. breakfast, ice-cream, teapot)

 Phonological Aspect / accent subordination (one word

accent/stress dominates the rest in a compound

ICEcream = compound (Stress on the first word)

ICE CREAM = phrase (stress on the first and second word)
WHITEhouse = compound (Stress on the first word)
WHITE HOUSE = phrase ((stress on the first and second
word)
Syntactic Aspect

- compounds are the items listed in the

lexicon (e.g. dining room), whereas
phrases are generated by general rules
and are analyzable in terms of those
general rules. Therefore, phrases are not
listed in the lexicon (e.g. small room )
- Compounds are treated as indivisible units
by syntactic rules
(I do not need the dining room but the ball
room / *the ball one)
compare
(I need the small room, not the big one)
Headedness of Compounds
Compounds are classified using two criteria:
(1) Whether they have a head
(headed compounds Vs. headless
compound)
(2) If they have a head,
(a) the word class of the head?
(b) whether the head appears at the
left or the right of the compound
 Endocentric Compound (headed compound) artinya jelas, atau kaya tau
asalnya misal newspaper adalah sejenis kertas dan textbook adalah sejenis
buku

Right Headed Compounds (kls kata utama ada di kiri,

misal waterlily, itu artinya Teratai, bunga teratai kan di air jadi air itu
kepalanya)
NN AN PrepN
waterlily hothouse undergraduate
bookcase high-courtoutskirt
windscreen

NV PV
bird-watch over-react

Left Headed Compounds (mother-in-law, artinya mertua, nah

kepala katanya(kuncinya) itu di in-law nya.
passer-by
notary public
mother-in-law
 Exocentric Compounds (headless compound)
The meaning of exocentric compounds is
usually opaque (not transparent), makna inti sebenarnya ga
dijelasin di kata as in :
paperback (buku yang dibuat dari kertas tebal, intinya adalah buku)
lazy-bones(orang yang malas)
blue-nose
butterfingers
blockhead
 Copulative Compounds (Headless compound): ini tuh kata nya
hrs selinear kaya boy: anak laki-laki, pria friend: teman. Jadi
sm2 manusia, trs contoh lagi ada bittersweet, bitter: pahit,
sweet: manis, jdi sama2 rasa/taste.
boyfriend
north-west
1. money-maker
2. foreign investment bank
3. investment banker
[[[[invest]v [-ment]]n [bank]n]n [-er]]n

4. Foreign affairs department

[[[foreign]adj [[affair]n [-s]]n]n [department]]n
5. International student office

6. care taker
 [[care]n [[take]v [-er]]n]n
game-keeper

[[game]n [[keep]v [-er]]n]n

N
N
game keep -er
chain smoker
[[[chain]n [smoke]v]v [-er]]n

V
chain smoke -er

 N
 N
 N
 invest (v) -ment bank (n) -er