*Gas Laws*

Physical Characteristics of Gases

Physical Characteristics Typical Units
Volume, V liters (L)

Pressure, P atmosphere
(1 atm = 1.015x105 N/m2)
Temperature, T Kelvin (K)

Number of atoms or mole (1 mol = 6.022x1023

molecules, n atoms or molecules)
 Pressure (P)
• The pressure of a gas is
the force that the gas
exerts on the walls of its
container.
Pressure (P) Conversions

atm

torr or mmHg 1 atm = 760 torr

1 atm = 101 325 Pa
Pa 1 bar = 100 000 Pa

bar
 Volume (V)
• Volume is the quantity
of three-dimensional
space occupied by a
gas.
Volume (V) Equivalent
L (dm3)
kL (m3) 1L = 1000mL
1kL = 1000L
mL (cm3)
 Temperature (T)
• The temperature
of a gas is a 100 212
measure of the

…
average kinetic
energy of the 5 41
molecules.

0 32
°C °F
 Boyle’s Law
 Pressure and volume
are inversely related at
constant temperature.
 PV = K
 As one goes up, the other
goes down.
 P1V1 = P2V2
“Father of Modern Chemistry”
Robert Boyle
Chemist & Natural Philosopher
Listmore, Ireland
January 25, 1627 – December 30, 1690
Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = P2V2
Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = P2V2
 Conversion of Formula
(Substitute)
• 1 Torr – 760 atm
• 760 mmHg = 1 atm
• 1 Torr = 1 mmhg
 Boyle`s Law Problem

• A container holds 500 L of

CO2 at 20° C and 742 atm.
What will be the volume of
the CO2 if the pressure is
increased to 795 atm?
 ANSWER
• P1 = 742 atm P2 = 795 atm
• V 1 = 500 L V2 = ?

• P 1V1 = P2V2
• V 2 = P1V1/P2
• V 2 = 742 atm x 500. mL/795 atm = 467 L
 Boyle`s Law Problem

• A gas tank holds 2,785 L of

propane, C3H8, at 830 atm
and 760 atm. What is the
volume of the propane at
standard pressure?
 ANSWER
• P1 = 830 atm P2 = 760 atm
• V 1 = 2785 L V2 = ?
• P 1V1 = P2V2
• V 2 = P1V1/P2
• V2 = 830. atm x 2785 L/760 atm = 3040 L
C3H8
 Boyle`s Law Problem

• A balloon contains 7.2 L of He.

The pressure is reduced to 2.00
atm and the balloon expands to
occupy a volume of 25.1 L.
What was the initial pressure
exerted on the balloon?
 ANSWER
• P1 = ? P 2 = 2.00 atm
• V 1 = 7.2 L V2 = 25.1 L
P1V1 = P2V2
• P 1 = P2V2/V1
• P1 = 2.00 atm x 25.1 L/7.2 L = 7.0
atm
 Boyle`s Law Problem
• A sample of neon occupies a
volume of 461 L at STP. What
will be the volume of the neon
when the pressure is reduced to
101.3 atm - 93.3 atm?
 ANSWER
• P1 = 101.3 atm P2 = 93.3 atm
• V 1 = 461 L V2 = ?
• P1V1 = P2V2
• V 2 = P1V1/P2
• V2 = 101.3 kPa x 461 mL/93.3 kPa = 501
mL Ne
 Boyle`s Law Problem

• 352 L of chlorine under a pressure

of 680. mm Hg are placed in a
container under a pressure of 1210
mm Hg. The temperature remains
constant at 296 K. What is the
volume of the container in liters?
 ANSWER
• P1 = 0.89 atm P2 = 1.59 atm
• V 1 = 352 L V2 = ?
• P1V1 = P2V2
• V 2 = P1V1/P2
• V2 = 0.89 atm x 352L / 1.59 atm
• =197.031 L
 Boyle`s Law Problem

• A balloon contains 7.2 L of He.

The pressure is reduced to 2.00
atm and the balloon expands to
occupy a volume of 25.1 L.
What was the initial pressure
exerted on the balloon?
 TOPIC 5
THE BEHAVIOR OF GASES

Calculate the unknown quantity in each of

the following measurements of gases.
Charles’ Law
 Volume of a gas varies
directly with the absolute
temperature at constant
pressure.
 V = KT
 V1 / T2 = V2 / T1
Jacques-Alexandre Charles
Mathematician, Physicist, Inventor
Beaugency, France
November 12, 1746 – April 7, 1823
Charles’ Law: V1/T2 = V2/T1
 Charles’ Law
Problem
• A container holds 50.0 L of
nitrogen at 25° C and a
pressure of 736 mm Hg. What
will be its volume if the
temperature increases by 35°
C?
 ANSWER
• P1 = 736 mm Hg P2 = 736 mm Hg
• V 1 = 50.0 L V2 = ?
• T 1 = 25° C + 273 = 298 K
• T2 = 35° C + 273 = 333 K
• V 1/ T1 = V2/T2
• V 2 = V1 x T2/T1
• V 2 = 50.0 L x 333 K/298 K = 55.9 L N2
 Charles Law Problem

• A sample of oxygen occupies

a volume of 160 L at 91° C.
What will be volume of
oxygen when the temperature
drops to 0.00° C?
 ANSWER
• V1 = 160 L V 2 = ?
• T 1 = 91° C + 273 = 364 K
• T2 = 0.00° C + 273 = 273 K
• V 1/ T1 = V2/T2
• V 2 = V1 x T2/T1
• V2 = 160 L x 273 K/364 K = 120 L O2
 ANSWER
• V1 = ? V 2 = 212 cm3
• T 1 = 50.° C + 273 = 323 K T2 = -5.0° C +
273 = 268 K
• V1/ T1 = V2/T2
• V 1 = V2 x T1/T2
• V1 = 212 cm3 x 1 dm3/103 cm3 x 323
K/268 K = 0.256 dm3 H2
 Charle`s Law Problem
• A sample of hydrogen has an initial
temperature of 50.° C. When the
temperature is lowered to -5.0° C,
the volume of hydrogen becomes
212 cm3. What was the initial
volume of the hydrogen in dm3?
 Charles’ Law
Problem
• A sample of helium has a
volume of 521 dm3 at a pressure
of 75 mm Hg and a temperature
of 18° C. When the temperature
is increased to 23° C, what is the
volume of the helium?
 ANSWER
• P1 = 75 cm Hg P2 = 75 cm Hg
• V 1 = 521 dm3 V 2 = ?
• T 1 = 18° C + 273 = 291 K T2 = 23° C +
273 = 296 K
• V1/ T1 = V2/T2
• V 2 = V1 x T2/T1
• V2 = 521 dm3 x 296 K/291 K = 530. dm3 He
 Charles’ Law
PROBLEM
• 568 cm3 of chlorine at
25° C will occupy what
volume at -25° C while
the pressure remains
constant
 ANSWER
• V1 = 568 cm3 V 2 = ?
• T 1 = 25° C + 273 = 298 K T2 = -25° C +
273 = 248 K
• V1/ T1 = V2/T2
• V 2 = V1 x T2/T1
• V2 = 568 cm3 x 248 K/298 K = 473 cm3 Cl
 Gay-Lussac Law
 At constant volume,
pressure and absolute
temperature are
directly related.
P=kT
 P1 / T2= P2 / T1

Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac
Experimentalist
Limoges, France
December 6, 1778 – May 9, 1850
 TOPIC 5
THE BEHAVIOR OF GASES

cylinder of compressed gas has a pressure of

4.882 atm on one day. The next day, the same FORMULA
cylinder of gas has a pressure of 4.690 atm, and
its temperature is 8°C. What was the P1T2 = P2T1
temperature on the previous day in °C?
INITIAL

FINAL
 TOPIC 5
THE BEHAVIOR OF GASES

A mylar balloon is filled with helium gas to a pressure of 107 FORMULA

kPa when the temperature is 22°C. If the temperature changes to
45°C, what will be the pressure of the helium in the balloon? P1T2 = P2T1

INITIAL

FINAL
 Gay-Lussac PROBLEM
A 30.0 L sample of nitrogen inside a rigid,
metal container at 20.0 °C is placed inside an
oven whose temperature is 50.0 °C. The
pressure inside the container at 20.0 °C was at
3.00 atm. What is the pressure of the nitrogen
after its temperature is increased to 50.0 °C?
 Gay-Lussac PROBLEM
• Determine the pressure change when a
constant volume of gas at 1.00 atm is heated
from 20.0 °C to 30.0 °C.
 Gay-Lussac PROBLEM
• A gas has a pressure of 0.370 atm at 50.0
°C. What is the pressure at standard
temperature?
 Gay-Lussac PROBLEM
• If a gas is cooled from 323.0 K to 273.15 K
and the volume is kept constant what final
pressure would result if the original
pressure was 750.0 mmHg?
 Gay-Lussac PROBLEM
• If a gas in a closed container is pressurized
from 15.0 atmospheres to 16.0 atmospheres
and its original temperature was 25.0 °C,
what would the final temperature of the gas
be in degrees Celsius?
 Gay-Lussac PROBLEM
• A 30.0 L sample of nitrogen inside a metal
container at 20.0 °C is placed inside an
oven whose temperature is 50.0 °C. The
pressure inside the container at 20.0 °C was
3.00 atm. What is the pressure of the
nitrogen after its temperature is increased?
 Gay-Lussac PROBLEM
• A sample of gas at 3.00 x 103 mmHg inside
a steel tank is cooled from 500.0 °C to 0.00
°C. What is the final pressure of the gas in
the steel tank?
 Gay-Lussac PROBLEM
• A 20-liter cylinder contains 6 atmospheres
(atm) of gas at 27 C. What would the
pressure of the gas be if the gas was heated
to 77 C?
 TOPIC 5
THE BEHAVIOR OF GASES

Calculate the unknown quantity in each of

the following measurements of gases.
 Avogadro’s Law

At constant temperature

and pressure, the volume of
a gas is directly related to
the number of moles.
V = K n
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2
Amedeo Avogadro
Physicist
Turin, Italy
August 9, 1776 – July 9, 1856
Avogadro’s Law: V1/n1=V2/n2
 Dalton’s Law
 The total pressure in a container
is the sum of the pressure each
gas would exert if it were alone
in the container.
 The total pressure is the sum of
the partial pressures.
 PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 ...
John Dalton
(For each gas P = nRT/V) Chemist & Physicist
Eaglesfield, Cumberland, England
September 6, 1766 – July 27, 1844
Dalton’s Law
 Real Gases
 Real molecules do take up space and do interact
with each other (especially polar molecules).
 Need to add correction factors to the ideal gas
law to account for these.