G-2

Media and Information Literature

Presented by Group 2
1. Economics of media: Ratings and
Revenues
The economics of media
can be explained in the
simple equation Ratings =
Revenues. As a commercial
industry, the media earns
profit through
advertisement.
 Ratings

Is a colloquial term for audience measurement that

influences timing, placements, and markets for
media content and advertising. (Balnaves,
O'Regan, & Goldsmith, 2011) Ratings determine
the number of people who watches, listens to or
reads a particular media content.
Revenues

The business dictionary defines revenue as

income generated from the sale of goods
or services, or any other use of capital or
assets, associated with the main operations
of an organization before any costs or
expenses are deducted.
 The Opportunity

The Philippine media is a great asset in the country's

economy. In fact the Philippine Star reported that in the
year 2010 alone, the creative or copyright-based
industries (industries engaged in creation, production
and manufacturing, performance, broadcast,
communication and exhibition, or distribution of sales
of works and other protected subject matter)
contributed P661.23 billion (14.05 billion USD) to the
Philippine economy.
The Challenges

Despite thriving as an industry, the

media remains vulnerable to economic
threats. The most notorious among
them is piracy. Piracy is defined as the
unauthorized use of another's
production, invention, or conception
especially in infringement of a
copyright by the Merriam Webster's
dictionary.
2. Media and Information for Education

Media and Information have made

radical impact on education. Learning
has never been easier and at the same
time more complicated than it is today in
the age of media and Information .
 The Opportunity

Merriam-Webster's dictionary defines education as the knowledge, skill, and understanding that you
get from attending a school, college, or university. Before, a student or a learner's education is limited
to sitting in class, listening to a professor, passing exams and completing course works or projects.
Today, education has taken whole new meaning with media and information.

Distance learning or online education is now a fast becoming trend in society. Schools and
universities are adopting this practice as part of their offered services. Everyone with access to the
internet need not physically attend a class to get an education. This setup is popular among those who
wish to further their education but do not have the time or energy to deal with regular school. With
media and information, one can earn a degree from the comfort of their homes.
 The Challenges
In education, the opportunities brought about by media and information is also to
be blamed for its many challenges. For instance, the ease of access to media
and information for educational purposes, while convenient is also problematic.
Not only does this promote laziness, constant access also puts a lot of pressure
on servers, requiring constant upgrades and regular maintenance around
cyberspace.

The overwhelming amount of content to be found online requires the tedious

process of sorting through unnecessary or unrelated content to one's research.
As challenging as it may be, it is necessary. Allowing anyone with access to the
internet to contribute to the network of information raises credibility and
authenticity issues.
 3. Media and Information for Social
Change
The society is heavily influenced by media and information. In fact, its
influence is so apparent that media and information have become a reflection of
society and vice versa. It is no surprise then that media and information have
been linked to social changes. Oxford bibliographies referred to the social
change as the significant alteration of social structure (persistent networks of
social relationships, where interaction between people or groups has become
routine and repetitive) and cultural patterns (shared ways of living and
thinking).
 The Opportunity

Among the first to realize the possible positive applications of the media and society's code- pendent
relationships were Daniel Lerner and Wilbur Schramm. In their respective works, The Passing of
Traditional Society (1958) and Mass Media and National Development (1964) served as the founding texts
of development communication according to the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn). Their basic
principle, explained by UPenn, was that desirable social change could be produced by scientifically
designed and executed communication campaigns. Development Communication uses communication to
aid in the development of society. One practical application of this, is community-based media programs.
Through information dissemination, promotion of development advocacies, and providing a medium for
social interaction among communities, these types of programs pave the way for a positive social change.
 The Challenge

Media and information have the power to sway society's beliefs and
perceptions. People have the tendency to receive data from the media and
accept it as fact right away conducting due diligence. So should the
media fail to provide facts, or abuse their influence, society will be all
too vulnerable because of their obliviousness? This is the fatal flaw in the
relationship, hinders true positive social change.
 The Media and Politics

Sarah Oates (2008) noted, there are two main perspectives to consider when thinking
about the relationship between media and politics. The first pertains to the impact of
the media on politics, such as how its coverage of debates, candidate profiles, and
poll fluctuations can sway public opinion and alter election outcomes. The second
perspective is the effect of politics on the media, in which political decisions and
policies can influence media freedom and the kind of content it produces.
Understanding both of these aspects is important to grasp the full significance of
media and politics and the many ways in which they interact.
 The Opportunity
The interrelationship between media and politics provides a fair foundation in the
function of media as a source of information. Provisions in the law like the
Freedom of Information Bill which mandates the release of public documents to
those who require it benefits the media in their access to information and the
government in its war against corruption (The Official Gazette).
 The Challenge
As a developing country, the governments concentrate on solving problems like poverty,
unemployment, lack of proper healthcare, and access to education. In its preoccupation to
put a stop to these issues, the government has given little support to efforts that will help
strengthen the media industry. The shortage of government funding, not to mention the
lack of projects and programs, that help cultivate creativity -which is the core of media-
prevent the media industry in reaching its potential for success. Even the weak
enforcement of certain laws to protecting the media exposes them to threats that could
have damaging repercussions on the industry.
 Media controversies
Stereotyping is defined as the process of labeling an entire group of people according to the
characteristics of some. The media have been found guilty of stereotyping multiple times. The
following still remains a subject of much controversy :
•Gender roles: The alpha-male or the depiction of the heterosexual male as superior to the other
genders is still ever present in most media content. It seems that countless protests from feminist
movements and the LGBT (Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, Transgenders) community have done little to
eradicate sexist elements in the media.

•Racial discrimination: The Caucasian is at the top of the social class ladder. Black people slavery
may have been long gone, but media's tendency to favor whites in lead roles and giving sidekick roles
to other people of color raises racial discrimination allegations.
Conflict of Interest
Journalism professor Adam Peneberg (2007) defined conflict of interest as situations in which there
are competing professional, personal and/or financial obligations or interests that compete with the
journalist's obligation to his outlet and audience. In his NYU Journalism Handbook for Students,
Peneberg listed the following as potential conflicts of interest.

1. Writing about friends and family members

2. Press junkets trips offered to journalists that are paid for by the entities the
reporters cover, i.e., movie studios, electronics companies, government agencies.

3.Accepting hospitality: Overindulging on the subject’s hospitality.

4.Gifts

5. Free tickets, copies of books, CDs, DVDs and access to subscription-only websites to be reviewed,
written about, or used as background material
6. Paying sources: Compensating sources for information
undermine content integrity.

7. Quid pro quo: Promising something in return

8. Investments: Any financial entanglement with the subject.

9. Political and charitable donations: The objectivity of the reporter will be

questioned if he covers and writes about organizations which he donated
money to.

10. Blogs: Writing blogs raises ethical concerns and credibility issues since
it is a considered personal and opinion based on content.
Accountability is the defined as taking responsibility for one's actions. It is
at the core of media ethics. Bertrand, (2000) emphasizes that a media
professional is not just "accountable“ he or she is accountable to someone.
In his book Media Ethics and Accountability Systems, he explained that a
person in the media is accountable to one's self, towards peers, towards
sources, towards people involved in the news, towards media users, and
towards the community where they operate. Media accountability involves
self-regulation by remembering and respecting those who they are
accountable to in their work.
Censorship Philip Steele (1999) defines censorship as any attempt to limit or
prevent the free exchange of information. It suppresses information, ideas, or artistic
expressions. Most definitions argue that censorship happens only when an outside
party stifles information. Meaning if a content producer decides to edit out parts of
his work, he or she is not committing censorship. The State University of Oklahoma
enumerated the following as forms of censorship.

1. Preventive - exercised before the expression is made public Examples of which

includes government restraints, licensing, and self-censorship.

2. Punitive - exercised after the expression is made public. This type of censorship
is penalizing in nature.

3. Taboo- is censorship of that which society deems inappropriate or offensive

 THANKS!

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