Media and

Information
Languages
Media Languages

- are codes, conventions, formats,

symbols and narrative structures
that indicate the meaning of
media messages to an audience
CODES
Codes

- are systems of signs that

when put together create
meaning

* Semiotics - study of signs

Types of Codes:

� SYMBOLIC CODES
�
🞅 WRITTEN CODES
🞅 TECHNICAL CODES
SYMBOLIC CODES

- show what is beneath the surface of

what we see (objects, setting, body
language, clothing, color, etc.
) or iconic symbols that are easily
understood
Symbolic codes in
media include
setting, mise en
scene, acting and
color.
a. Setting

is the time and place of the

narrative. A setting can be a s
big as the galaxy or space, or
as small as a specific room. It
can even be a created
atmosphere or frame of mind.
b. Mise en Scene

means the stage setting, everything

within the frame. The arrangement
of actors and scenery on a stage for
a theatrical production.

An analysis of mise en scene

includes: Set Design, Costume.
c. Acting.

The actors portray characters

in media products and
contribute to character
development, creating tension
or advancing.
d. Color

has highly cultural and strong

connotations. When studying the
use of color in a media product the
different aspects to be looked at
are: Dominant color, Contrasting
foils, and Color Symbolism.
What does a Red Rose
symbolizes?
What does a Red Rose
symbolizes?

A red rose
may convey
Romance or
Love.
What does a Clenched Fist
symbolizes?
What does a Clenched Fist
symbolizes?

A clenched
fist may
convey
Anger.
What does the colors in a
Traffic Light symbolize?
What does the colors in a
Traffic Light symbolize?

Red – Stop
Green - Go
Yellow - Ready
ACTIVITY
Form 4 groups.
 What to do?

On a long bond paper, Think of a

company name and illustrate or draw
its OWN symbol/sign/icon, make
sure that it is not copied nor
plagiarized from the Internet or other
sources.
 What to do?

You must also include an

explanation of the symbol / logo
used as well at its
function, purpose or meaning.
Start Now …
Types of Codes:

🞅 SYMBOLIC CODES
� WRITTEN CODES
�
🞅 TECHNICAL CODES
WRITTEN CODES

- use of language style and textual

layout (headlines, captions, speech
bubbles, language style, etc. )
Headlines
Captions
Speech Bubbles
-Style
- Choice of words
- Emphasis of words.
Types of Codes:

🞅 SYMBOLIC CODES
🞅 WRITTEN CODES
� TECHNICAL CODES
�
 TECHNICAL CODES

-Are ways in which equipment is used to

tell the story
-This includes sound, camera angles,
types of shots and lighting as well as
camera techniques, framing, depth of
field, lighting, exposure and
juxtaposition.
Film makers control what the
audience focus on and therefore
every shot is chosen for a reason.
Changing how an object or person
is framed can drastically alter how
audience react to that character/
object. There is no such thing as
neutral.
Camerawork

refers to how the camera is

operated, positioned and
moved for specific effects.
Camerawork includes:
Positioning, Movement,
Framing, Exposure, and Lens
choice.
Editing

is the process of
choosing,
manipulating and
arranging images and
sound.
Audio

is the expressive or
naturalistic use of sound.
The three aspects of audio
are: Dialogue, Sound
effects, and Music.
Lighting
is the manipulation of natural or artificial
light to selectively highlight specific
elements of the scene. Elements of lighting
include: Quality, Direction, Source, &
Colour.
Camera shots are an essential aspect of
filmmaking and video productions,
because by combining different types of
shots, angels and camera movements, the
filmmakers are able to emphasize specific
emotions, ideas and movement for each
scene.
Camera Shots
EXTREME LONG SHOT

- Also called extreme wide shots

such as a large crowd scene or a
view of scenery as far as the
horizon
EXTREME LONG SHOT
LONG SHOT

- a view of a situation or setting

from a distance
LONG SHOT
MEDIUM LONG SHOT

- shows a group of people in

interaction with each other, example:
fight scene with part of their
surroundings in the picture
MEDIUM LONG SHOT

FF5
FULL SHOT

- a view of a figure’s entire body in

order to show action and/or a
constellation group of characters
FULL SHOT

Maureen
Wroblewitz
MEDIUM CLOSE SHOT

- shows a subject down to his/her

chest/waist
 MEDIUM CLOSE SHOT

Maureen
Wroblewitz
CLOSE UP SHOT

- a full-screen shot of a subject’s

face showing the finest nuances of
expression
 CLOSE UP SHOT

Pia Wurtzbach
EXTREME CLOSE UP SHOT

- a shot of a hand, eye, mouth, or

any object in detail
EXTREME CLOSE UP SHOT
Camera Shots:

🞅 Extreme Long Shot

🞅 Long Shot
🞅 Medium Long Shot
🞅 Full Shot
🞅 Medium Close Shot
🞅 Close-up Shot
🞅 Extreme Close-up Shot
Point of View
Establishing Shot

- often used at the beginning of a

scene to indicate the location or
setting, it is usually a long shot taken
from a neutral position
Establishing Shot

What does this shot means ?

Point-of-View Shot

- Shows a scene from the perspective

of a character or one person. Most
newsreel footages are shown from the
perspective of the newscaster.
Point-of-View Shot
Over-the-Shoulder Shot

- Often used in dialogue scenes, a

frontal view of a dialogue partner
from the perspective of someone
standing behind and slightly to the
side of the other partner, so that parts
of both can be seen
Over-the-Shoulder Shot
Reaction Shot

- Short shot of a character’s

response to an action
Reaction Shot
Insert Shot

- A detail shot which quickly gives

visual information necessary to
understand the meaning of a scene
Insert Shot
Reverse-Angle Shot

- a shot from the opposite

perspective
Reverse-Angle Shot
Hand-held Camera Shot

- The camera is not mounted on a

tripod and instead is held by the
cameraperson, resulting in less stable
shots
Hand-held Camera Shot
Point of View:

🞅 Establishing Shot
🞅 Point-of-View Shot / POV Shot
🞅 Over-the-Shoulder Shot
🞅 Reaction Shot
🞅 Insert Shot
🞅 Reverse-Angle Shot
🞅 Hand-Held Camera shot
Camera
Angles
Aerial Shot

- Overhead Shot
- Also called Bird’s Eye Shot
- Long or extreme long shot of the
ground from the air
Aerial Shot
High-Angle Shot

- Shows people or objects from

above higher than eye level
High-Angle Shot
Low-Angle Shot

- Below Shot
- Shows people or objects from
below, lower than eye level
Low-Angle Shot
Eye-Level Shot

- Straight-on Angle
- Views a subject from the level of a
person’s eye
Eye-Level Shot
Camera Angles

🞅 Aerial Shot
🞅 High-Angle Shot
🞅 Low-Angle Shot
🞅 Eye-Level Shot
Camera
Movements
Pan Shot

- The camera pans (moves

horizontally) from left to right or
vice versa across the picture
Pan Shot
Tilt Shot

- The camera tilts up (moves

upwards) or tilts down (moves
downwards) around a vertical line
Tilt Shot
Tracking Shot

- The camera follows along next to

or behind a moving object or
person
Tracking Shot
Zoom

- The stationary camera

approaches a subject by
“zooming in” or moves farther
away by “zooming out”.
Zoom
Zoom
Camera Movements:

🞅 Pan Shot
🞅 Tilt Shot
🞅 Tracking Shot
🞅 Zoom
CONVENTIONS
CONVENTIONS

- Refers to a standard or norm

that acts as a rule governing
behaviour
- Are generally established and
accepted ways of doing
something
Form conventions

the certain ways we expect types of media

codes to be arranged. For instance, an
audience expects to have a title of the film
at the beginning, and then credits at the
end. Newspapers will have the headline or
the most important news on the front page
and sports news on the back page. Video
games usually start with a tutorial to
explain the mechanics of how the game
Story conventions

are common narrative structures and

understandings that are common in
story telling media products.
Examples of story conventions
include: Narrative structures, Cause
and effect, Character construction,
and Point of View.
Genre conventions

point to the common use of

images, characters, settings or
themes in a particular type of
medium. Genre conventions are
closely linked with audience
expectations. Genre conventions
can be formal or thematic.
Types of Signs
A. Regulatory Signs

– signs that inform road users of traffic laws

and regulations which, if disregarded, will
constitute an offense.
1. Priority Signs, like Stop sign, Give way
sign, Left turner must give way
2. Direction Signs
3. Prohibitive / Restriction Signs
4. Speed Signs
5. Parking Signs
6. Miscellaneous Signs
B. Warning signs –

Signs used to warn motorists of potentially

hazardous conditions on or adjacent to the road. It
advises motorists of road conditions that require
caution and may call for a reduction in speed, in
the interest of safety and that of other road users.
1. Horizontal signs
2. Intersection signs
3. Advance Warning/ Traffic Control Device Signs
4. Road Width Signs
5. Road Obstacle Signs
6. Pedestrian School Signs
MESSAGE

- the information sent to a

receiver from a source
AUDIENCE

- the group of consumers for whom the

media message was constructed as well
as anyone else who is exposed to the
message
PRODUCERS

- People engaged in the process of

creating and putting together media
content to make a finished media product
STAKEHOLDERS

- Libraries, archives, museums,

internet and other relevant
information providers.
END