Introduction

to
Organic Chemistry

Prepared by: Engr. Allan Cruz Pastrana

By the end of this module, you will be
able to:
DEFINE CHEMISTRY.
IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY.
IDENTIFY AND DEFINE MATTER.
IDENTIFY AND CLASSIFY MATTER BASED ON ITS PROPERTIES.
IDENTIFY AND DETERMINE WHETER A CHANGE IN MATTER IS
PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL.
DEFINE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
DEFINE THE HISTORY OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
What is Chemistry?

 Chemistry is defined as
the systematic
investigation of the
properties, structure and
behaviour of matter and
the changes matter
undergoes.
Branches of Chemistry
Branches of Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
 the study of chemical compounds consist primarily of
carbon and hydrogen.
Branches of Chemistry

Inorganic Chemistry
 the study of chemical compounds that do not contain C-H
bonds.
Branches of Chemistry

Physical Chemistry
 the application of techniques and theories of physics to the
chemical systems.
Branches of Chemistry

Analytical Chemistry
 the study of separation, identification and quantification of
the chemical components of the matter.
Branches of Chemistry

Bio-Chemistry
 study of chemical processes that take place in living
organisms.
What is Matter?

 any substance that has

mass and takes up
space by having volume.
Four States of Matter

Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
States of Matter

Solid
 matter that can not flow
(definite shape) and has
definite volume.
States of Matter

Liquid
 definite volume but takes the
shape of its container.
States of Matter

Gas
 a substance without definite
volume or shape and can
flow.
States of Matter

Plasma
 is sometimes referred to as a
fourth state of matter. While
it’s similar to a gas the
electrons are free in a cloud
rather than attached to
individual atoms.
Changes in Matter

Matter can go through two

different types of changes.

 Types of Changes:
1. Physical
2. Chemical
Physical Changes in matter
 A physical change in matter is when matter changes its
property but not it’s chemical nature.
Physical Changes in matter

 Although some properties (like

shape, phase, etc.) of the
material change,

Examples: Changes in
1. Shape
2. Texture
3. Size
4. Dissolves
5. Breaks Apart
the material itself is the same before and
after the change.
Chemical Changes in Matter

A chemical change in matter is when matter becomes

something completely new. New matter is formed.
Chemical Changes in Matter
The substances present at
the beginning of the
change are not present at
the end; new substances
are formed.
Organic Chemistry
Historical Background
Before 18th Century:
 Chemists generally
believed that
compounds obtained
from living organisms
were endowed with a
vital force that
distinguished them from
inorganic compounds.
Organic Chemistry
Historical Background
Around 1816:
 Michael Chevreul started a
study of soaps made from
various fats and alkalis.
Organic Chemistry
Historical Background
Around 1828:
 Friedrich Wohler
produced the organic
chemical urea, a
constituent of urine, from
inorganic starting
materials.
Organic Chemistry
Historical Background
Around 1856:
 William Henry Perkin tried
to manufacture quinine
accidentally produce
organic dye.
Organic Chemistry
Historical Background
Around 1858:
 Friedrich August Kekule
and Archibald Scott, both
researchers suggested that
tetravalent carbon atoms
could link to each other to
form a carbon lattice, and
that the detailed pattern of
atomic bonding could be
discerned by skillful
interpretations of
appropriate chemical
reactions.
Organic Chemistry
Historical Background
19th century:
The era of the pharmaceutical
industry began in the last
decade of the 19th century
when the manufacturing of
acetylsalicylic acid—more
commonly referred to as
aspirin—in Germany was
started by Bayer.
Organic Chemistry
Historical Background
Around 1910:
Paul Ehrlich and his
laboratory group began
developing arsenic-based
arsphenamine, (Salvarsan),
as the first effective medicinal
treatment of syphilis, and
thereby initiated the medical
practice of chemotherapy.
Organic Chemistry

 the study of chemical compounds consist primarily of

carbon and hydrogen.
Importance of Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is more than simply the study of carbon or
the study of chemicals in living organisms.
Organic chemistry is everywhere.

the study of life and all of the chemical reactions related to life.
Several careers apply an understanding of organic chemistry,
such as doctors, veterinarians, dentists, pharmacologists,
chemical engineers, and chemists. Organic chemistry plays a
part in the development of common household chemicals,
foods, plastics, drugs, and fuels most of the chemicals part of
daily life.
Difference Between Organic and
Inorganic Compounds
Organic and inorganic compounds form one of the primary
basis for chemistry.
The study of organic compounds is termed as organic
chemistry and the study of inorganic compounds is inorganic
chemistry. These are said to be one of the large class of
members. The primary difference that lies between these
organic compounds and inorganic compounds is that organic
compounds always have a carbon atom while most of the
inorganic compounds do not contain the carbon atom in them.
Almost all the organic compounds contain the carbon-
hydrogen or a simple C-H bond in them.
No. Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds

1. Organic compounds are characterized by Most inorganic compounds do not

the presence of carbon atoms in them have carbon atoms in them (some
exceptions do exist)

2. Organic compounds consisting of hydrogen, They do not possess hydrogen or

oxygen, carbon, and their other oxygen and their derivatives
derivatives

3. Organic compounds are said to be more These compounds are not

volatile and also highly inflammable inflammable and are non-volatile in
nature

4. These compounds exist in the form of These exist as solids

solids, gases, and liquids.

5. These are insoluble in water These are soluble in water and also
non-soluble in some of the organic
solutions
No. Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds

5. These are insoluble in water These are soluble in water and also non-
soluble in some of the organic solutions

6. These compounds have the These do not have the carbon-hydrogen bonds
carbon-hydrogen bonds

7. Organic compounds are These compounds are found in non-living

mainly found in most of the things
living things

8. Organic compounds form Inorganic compounds form ionic bonds

covalent bonds between the atoms of molecules

9. In most of the aqueous In aqueous solutions, these are known to be

solutions, these are poor good conductors of heat and electricity
conductors of heat and
electricity
No. Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds

10. Examples of organic compounds include The example for inorganic compounds
fats, nucleic acids, sugars, enzymes, includes non-metals, salts, metals,
proteins and hydrocarbon fuels acids, bases, substances which are
made from single elements

11. These have relatively low melting These have low melting and boiling
points and boiling points. points compared to organic
compounds

12 These are biological and more complex These are of mineral and not much
in nature complexity in nature

13 Organic compounds cannot make salts Inorganic compounds can make salts

14 The rate of reaction is slow in organic Inorganic compounds have a high rate
compounds of reaction
Sources of Organic compound