Lec 5

Lecture 5
 Microwave Resonators
 Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits
 Transmission Line Resonators
 A Gap-Coupled Microstrip Resonator
Microwave Techniques EE 41139 1

Microwave Resonators
 microwave resonators are used in many

applications
 filters, oscillators, frequency meters, tuned
amplifiers
 its operations are very similar to the series
and parallel RLC resonant circuits

Microwave Resonators
 we will review the series and parallel RLC

ciruits and discuss the implementation of
the microwave resonators using
distributive elements such as the
microstrip line, rectangular and circular
cavities, etc.

Series and Parallel RLC
Circuits
 consider the series RLC resonator shown
below:
+ R L
V ~ I C
-
Z in

Circuits
 the input impedance Zin is given by
1
Z in  R  jL  j
 C -------(1)
 the average complex power delivered to
the resonator is
1 * 1 2 1 2 1 
Pin  VI  Z in I  I  R  jL  j 
2 2 2  C

Circuits
 the average power dissipated by the resistor
is P 1 2
loss  I R
2
 recall that the energy stored in the inductor
1 2
is I L
2
 the time-averaged energy stored in the
1 2
inductor is W m  I L
4
Circuits
 similarly, the time-averaged energy stored
in the capacitor is
1 2 1 2 1
We  Vc C  I
4 4 2
 C
 the input impedance can then be
expressed as follows:
 Ploss  2j ( Wm  We ) -----(2)
Z in 
2
I /2
Circuits
 at resonance, the average stored magnetic
and electric energies are equal, therefore,
we have Z  Ploss  R
in 2
I /2
 and the resonance frequency is defined as
 1
o 
LC

Circuits
 the quality factor is defined as the product
of the angular frequency and the ratio of
the average energy stored to energy loss
per second Q   Wm  We
Ploss
 Q is a measure of loss of a resonant
circuit, lower loss implies higher Q and
high Q implies narrower bandwidth

Circuits
 at resonance We = Wm and we have
2W m  o L 1
Q  o  
 ----(3)
Ploss R  o RC
 when R decreases Q increases as R

dictates the power loss

Circuits
 the input impedance can be rewritten in
the following form:
1 1
Z in  R  jL  j  R  jL (1  )R
C  2 LC

Circuits
 near by the resonance, i.e., , we can define
and
 2   2o  (   o )(   o )    2
2 2RQ
Z in  R  jL  R  j2L  R  j
2 o
 ----(4)

Circuits
 the above form is useful for finding
equivalent circuit near the resonance, for
example, we can find out the resistance at
resonance and so as L
 for practical resonators, the loss is small;
therefore, we can start with the lossless
case and include the effect of the loss
afterward

Circuits
 Consider the equation
 oL
Z in  R  j2L   j2L (   o )
Q
 oL
 As Q  R
o 1
Z in  j2L (    o  )  j2L[   o (1  j )]
j2Q 2Q
 ------(5)

Circuits
 From the EQ.4, Z in  j 2L when
R = 0 for the lossless case, therefore, we
can define a complex effective frequency
' 1
 o   o (1  j ) ----(6) so that,
2Q
Z in  j2L (   'o ) --- (7) to incorporate the

loss

Circuits
2RQ
 From EQ.4 we have Z in  R  j
o
 the half-power fractional bandwidth
(Zin=R/ 2 ) is BW  2 /  o
 And therefore Q = 1/BW ---(8)

Circuits
 now let us turn our attention to the
parallel RLC resonator:
I +
V ~ - R L C
Z in

Circuits
 The input impedance is equal to
1
1 1 
Z in     jC
  R jL -----(9)
1
 At resonance, Z in  R and  o  LC
 , same results as in series RLC

Circuits
 the quality factor, however, is different
2Wm 2 | I L |2 L 2 | I L |2 L
Q  o  o  o
Ploss Ploss 4 2
IR R / 2 4
2 2
 oL V / ( oL ) R
Q    o RC    (10 )
R 2
V / R2  oL

Circuits
 contrary to series RLC, the Q of the

parallel RLC increases as R increases
 similar to series RLC, we can derive an
approximate expression for parallel RLC
near resonance

Circuits
 Given      o
1 1
1 1   1 1   /  
Z in     jC    j o C  jC
 R jL  R j o L 
1
1  1 
Z in    j   j o C  jC
R  o L j o L 
1
1  2
1   o LC 
Z in    j   jC
R  o L j o L 

Circuits
1
1  
Z in    j  jC ,  o
R  o2L 
1
1  
Z in    j  jC
R L / ( LC) 
1
1 
Z in    j2C
R 
R R
 Z in  
1  j2RC 1  j2Q /  o ----(11)
Circuits
 similar to the series RLC case, the effect of
the loss can be incorporated into the
lossless result by defining a complex
frequency equal to
' 1
  o   o (1  j ) -----(12)
2Q
 as in the series case, the half-power
bandwidth is given by BW=1/Q --- (13)

Loaded and Unloaded Q
 Q defined above is a characteristic of the

resonant circuit, this will change when the
circuit is connected to a load
Resonant
R
circuit Q L

 if the load is connected with the series

RLC, the resistance in the series RLC is
given by R’=R+RL, the corresponding
quality factor QL becomes
 oL  oL 1
QL   
R' R  RL R RL

 oL  oL

1 1 1  oL  oL
  ,Q  , Qe 
QL Q Qe R R L --- (13)
 on the other hand, if the load is connected
with the parallel RLC, we have
1/R’=1/R+1/RL
R' 1 / (1 / R  1 / R L )
QL  
 oL  oL

1  oL 1
  
Q L 1 / (1 / R  1 / R L ) R / (  o L ) R L
 oL 1 1 1 1
    
L 1 / (1 / R  1 / R L ) R / (  o L ) R L / (  o L ) Q Q e
1 1 1 1
   -----------(14)
R / ( oL ) R L / ( oL ) Q Qe

Transmission Line
Resonators
 we discuss the use of transmission lines to

realize the RLC resonator
 for a resonator, we are interested in Q and

therefore, we need to consider lossy
transmission lines

Short-Circuited /2 Line
 Consider the transmission line equation

Z L  jZ o tan ' l
 Z in  Z o Z o  jZ L tan ' l
for the
transmission line shown below:
Zin Zo  
Z in  jZ o tan ' l
 for a short-circuited line
l
 Given '    j ,
[ e jx  e  jx ] / ( 2 j ) [e x  e  x ] / 2
tan( x )  tanh( x ) 
 [ e jx  e  jx ] / 2 , [e x  e  x ] / 2
 And tanh(jx)=jtan(x)
Z in  jZ o tan ' l  Z o tanh(   j )l
 -------(15)

 note that
 tanh(A+B)=(tanh A + tanh B)/(1+ tanh A tanh B),
EQ. (15) becomes
tanh( l )  j tan( l )
Z in  Z o
1  j tan( l ) tanh( l )
 our goal here is to compare the above equation
with either EQ. (4) or EQ. (11) so that we can find
out the corresponding R, L and C

 Assuming a TEM line so that
       / v p , for l   / 2  v p /  o
 We have l  o l l 
l     
vp vp vp o
  
tan l  tan(   )  tan( )
o o o
 knowing that tan  when  is small

 note that the loss is usually very small and
therefore, the input impedance can be
rewritten as:
l  j(  /  o ) 
Z in  Z o  Z o ( l  j )
1  j(  /  o )l o
 --------(16)

 comparing EQ. (16) and EQ. (4) where
 Z in  R  j 2L ,we have
Zo 1 2
R  Z o l , L  ,C  
2 o L o2 Z o  o
 ----------(17)
 at resonance, Zin = R and this will occur for
l = n/2---(18)
 The quality factor is given by
 oL  
 Q   ----(19)
R 2l 2
 Q increases as the attenuation decreases

 recall that the input impedance of a short-

circuited line is given by
Z in  Z o
1  j tan( l ) tanh( l )
1  j tanh( l ) cot( l )
Z in  Z o
tanh( l )  j cot( l )

 For l   / 4  v p / ( 2 o ) , we have
l  o l l  
l     
2v p 2v p 2v p 2 2 o
    
cot l  cot(  )   tan( )
2 2 o 2 o 2 o

 The input impedance can be written as,

1  jl(  / 2 o ) Zo
Z in  Z o 
l  j(  / 2 o ) l  j / ( 2 o )
 --------(20)


 Z in  R ,we have
1  j 2RC
Zo  1 4Z o
 R ,C  ,L   ---(21)
l 4 o Z o C o  o
2

 The quality is given by,
 
 Q   o RC   ---(22)
4l 2
 same as short-circuited 2 line, Q

increases as the attenuation decreases

Open-Circuited /2 Line
 Consider the transmission line equation,

Z L  jZ o tan ' l
Z in  Z o
 Z o  jZ L tan ' l for the
transmission line shown below:
Zin Zo  

Z in   jZ o cot ' l  Z o coth(   j ) l

 for an open-circuited line
1  j tan( l ) tanh( l )
Z in  Z o

 the input impedance for the open-circuited

/2 line can be rewritten as:
1  j(  /  o )l Zo
Z in  Z o 
l  j(  /  o ) l  j(  /  o )
 ------(23)


R
Z in 
 1  j 2RC , we have
 1 2Z o
R  Z o / ( l ), C  ,L  
2Z o  o C o2  o
 -----(24)

 at resonance, Zin = R and this will occur

for l = n/2---(25)
 the quality factor is given by
 
Q   o RC  
 2l 2----(26)
 Q increases as the attenuation decreases,
same as the short-circuited /2 line

Coupling to Resonators
 to obtain maximum power transfer

between a resonator and a feed line, the
resonator must be matched to the feed at
the resonant frequency
 let us consider a series resonant circuit
with the input impedance given by
 EQ. (4), Z in  R  j2L  R  j 2RQ
o
 oL
 The unload Q is given by Q  and
R
for a matched load, R = Zo
 the external Qe is given by where RL = Zo
 for the resonator is matched to the feed at
the resonant frequency, the external Q e is
equal to Q, this is what we refer as critical
coupling
 a coupling coefficient g is defined as

Q
g
 Q e ----(27)
 g < 1, undercoupled
 g = 1, critically coupled
 g > 1, overcoupled

Design of a Gap-Coupled
Microstrip Resonator
 Objectives:
 to design and fabricate a /2 open-circuited

microstrip resonator with a gap coupled
microstrip feed line, the resonance
frequency should be close to 5 GHz.

Design of a Gap-Coupled
 to investigate overcoupled, critically

coupled and undercoupled resonators
 to use closed-form formulas for circuit

design and simulations

Designs of a /2 Open-Circuited
 use the closed-form formulas to calculate

the width of a 50 microstrip line
 W=4.8528 mm

 the PC board has a dielectric constant of

2.2 and thickness of 1.575mm
 assume the conductor thickness is small
and the loss tangent (tan ) is 0.001
 obtain the effective dielectric constant
 e  1.8712

 from the effective dielectric constant,

determine the length of the microstrip
resonator at 5 GHz
 21.9311mm

Determination of the Gap-Capacitor
for a Critically Coupled Resonator
 calculate the total attenuation constant
which includes both dielectric loss and
copper loss  o
c 
 2 Np/m and
k o  e1  r f
 d  tan  Np/m
2 r 1 e c
 = 5.8E+07 for copper

 c  0.0758,  d  0.0611,  c   d  0.1370
 estimate the quality factor Q using the

following formulas:
 
2
 Q = 522.9229  =143.2481
2 g
 the coupling capacitor is then given by s
where s is the gap width

 denote the thickness of the dielectric by h,

s’=s/w and w’=w/h
 0.1 < s’<0.3
m e  0.8675, k e  2.043w' 0.12
 0.3<s’<1
m e  1.565 / w' 0.16 1, k e  1.97  0.03 / w'

 0.1<s’<1
m o  w'[ 0.619 log 10 ( w' )  0.3853], k o  4.26  1.453 log 10 ( w' )
me k e mo k o
C e  w ( s' ) e , C o  w ( s' ) e
C even  (  r / 9.6) 0.9 C e , C odd  (  r / 9.6) 0.8 C o

Cp  C even / 2, C g  ( C odd  Cp ) / 2

 the normalized input impedance seen by

the feed line is
Z [(1 / C)  Z o cot l]  tan l  b c 
z  j   j 
Zo Zo  b c tan l 
 where b c  Z o C is the normalized

susceptance of the coupling capacitor, C
 resonance occurs with z = 0 or when

 resonance occurs with z = 0 or when

tan l  b c  0
 in practice, bc is small
 from the Matlab program, it is shown that
the coupling of the feedline to the
resonator has the effect of lowering its
resonant frequency
 to relate the resonator to a series RLC

equivalent circuit, we expand z() in a
Taylor series at the resonant frequency 1
dz(  )
z(  )  z(  1 )  (    1 ) 
 d  + 
1

 Note that z(  1 )  0 ,
dz(  )  j sec 2 l d( l )
  as tan l  b c  0
d  b c tan l d
1
 at resonance

 assume a TEM line, we have

dz(  )  j sec 2 l d( l ) j(1  b c2 ) l j l j
   
d  b c tan l d b 2 vp b 2 vp  b 2
1 c c 1 c
 Since b c  1 and l  v p /  1 , the

normalized impedance can be written as
j (    1 )
z(  ) 
 1b c2

 to incorporate loss, we can modify  1as
  1 ( 1  j / 2Q ) and therefore,
j (    1 )
z(  ) 
2
 1b c
 to incorporate loss, we can modify as
1
  1 ( 1  j / 2Q ) and therefore,
 (   1 )
z(  )  j
2Qb c2  1b c2
 At resonance, R  Z o  / ( 2Qb c2 )
 and for critical coupling R = Zo
bc
C gap 
 Z o = 0.03489pF where

 bc 
2Q = 0.0548

 compute the resonance frequency when

the microstrip resonator is excited by a
gap-coupled microstrip line of 50 by
solving the transcendental equation
tan( l )  b c  0 ; this resonance
frequency should be slightly less than 5
GHz

 computed resonant frequency is 4.9143 GHz

Realization of the Series Gap
Capacitance
 compute the series gap capacitance for a

given separation between the microstrip
feed line and the microstrip resonator
 determine the gap separation required to

realize the series gap capacitance

Capacitance

Capacitance
 the gap is modeled by a series capacitance
and two shunt capacitances
 the shunt capacitances are at least an
order of magnitude smaller than the series
capacitance and therefore, are neglected
 shunt capacitance = 0.0022pF, series
capacitance = 0.0349 pF
 gap separation = 1.4 mm

Fabrication of a /2 Open-Circuited
Microstrip Resonator with a Gap-
Coupled Microstrip Feed Line
 fabricate the /2 microstrip resonator

according to the specifications found in
Step1

 attach one SMA connector from the side

as shown below:
copper tape
SMA dielectric with

connector a ground plane
copper tape

 the separation between the resonator and

the feed line is obtained in Step 3
 ideally, the resonator is critically coupled

Testing of the Gap-Coupled
Resonator
 do one-port S11 calibration and measure |S11| from 1

to 8 GHz
Resonator

Resonator
 find the resonance frequency, the 3dB
bandwidth and Q
 note that Q is different from the one in

Step 2, explain why

Repeat Step 5 Using a Larger
Gap Separation
 repeat step 5 using a larger gap separation
 determine the capacitance using Step 3
 measure S11 using a Smith Chart
 is this an overcoupled resonator or an

undercoupled resonator?

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Lecture 5

 Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits

 Transmission Line Resonators

 A Gap-Coupled Microstrip Resonator

Microwave Techniques EE 41139 1

 microwave resonators are used in many

Microwave Techniques EE 41139 2

 we will review the series and parallel RLC

Microwave Techniques EE 41139 3

Microwave Techniques EE 41139 4

Microwave Techniques EE 41139 5

Microwave Techniques EE 41139 8

Microwave Techniques EE 41139 9

 when R decreases Q increases as R

Microwave Techniques EE 41139 10

Microwave Techniques EE 41139 11

Microwave Techniques EE 41139 12

Microwave Techniques EE 41139 13

Microwave Techniques EE 41139 14

Z in  j2L (   'o ) --- (7) to incorporate the

Microwave Techniques EE 41139 15

 And therefore Q = 1/BW ---(8)

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 contrary to series RLC, the Q of the

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 Q defined above is a characteristic of the

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 if the load is connected with the series

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 we discuss the use of transmission lines to

 for a resonator, we are interested in Q and

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 Consider the transmission line equation

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 knowing that tan  when  is small

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 Q increases as the attenuation decreases

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 recall that the input impedance of a short-

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 The input impedance can be written as,

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 comparing EQ. (16) and EQ. (11) where

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 The quality is given by,

 same as short-circuited 2 line, Q

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 Consider the transmission line equation,

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Z in   jZ o cot ' l  Z o coth(   j ) l

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 the input impedance for the open-circuited

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