Chapter Three

CHAPTER THREE
CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
Section 6.1
Evidence for a Chemical Reaction
What are the clues that a chemical change has taken place?
• Chemical reactions often give a visual signal.
• But reactions are not always visible.
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2
Section 6.1
Evidence for a Chemical Reaction
Some Clues That a Chemical Reaction Has Occurred
The color changes A solid forms Bubbles are

present
Colorless hydrochloric acid “A solid forms when a
is added to a red solution of solution of sodium
cobalt(II) nitrate, turning dichromate is added to a
the solution blue.” solution of lead nitrate.”
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3
Section6.2
Section 3.1
Chemical Equations
• Chemical reactions involve a rearrangement of the

ways atoms are grouped together.
• A chemical equation represents a chemical reaction.
 Reactants are shown to the left of the arrow.
 Products are shown to the right of the arrow.
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4
Section6.2
Section 3.1
Chemical Equations
• In a chemical reaction atoms are not created

or destroyed.
• All atoms present in the reactants must be

accounted for in the products.
 Same number of each type of atom on both
sides of the arrow.
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5
Section6.2
Section 3.1
Chemical Equations
Balancing a Chemical Equation
• Unbalanced Equation:
• Balancing the Equation:
• The balanced equation:

CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O Return to TOC
6
Section6.2
Section 3.1
Chemical Equations
Physical States
• Physical states of compounds are often given in a
chemical equation. These are sometimes called
descriptors.
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Section6.2
Section 3.1
Chemical Equations
Example
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8
Section6.2
Section 3.2
Chemical Equations
Exercise
When blue light shines on a mixture of hydrogen and

chlorine gas, the elements react explosively to form
gaseous hydrochloric acid.
What is the unbalanced equation for this process?
a) HCl(g) H(g) + Cl(g)

b) H(g) + Cl(g) HCl(g)
c) H2(g) + Cl2(g) HCl(g)
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Section6.3
Section 3.3
Balancing Chemical Equations
• The principle that lies at the heart of the balancing

process is that atoms are conserved in a
chemical reaction.
• Atoms are neither created nor destroyed.
• The same number of each type of atom is found

among the reactants and among the products.
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Section6.3
Section 3.3
How to Write and Balance Equations

1. Read the description of the chemical reaction. What
are the reactants, the products, and their states?
Write the appropriate formulas.
Hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2) combine to form
liquid water (H2O).
2. Write the unbalanced equation that summarizes the

information from step 1.
H2(g) + O2(g)  H2O(l)
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Section6.3
Section 3.3

3. Balance the equation by inspection, starting with the
most complicated molecule.
Equation is unbalanced by counting the atoms on both sides
of the arrow.
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Section6.3
Section 3.3

3. Balance the equation by inspection, starting with the
most complicated molecule.
We must balance the equation by adding more molecules of
reactants and/or products.
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Section6.3
Section 3.3
4. Check to see that the coefficients used give the

same number of each type of atom on both sides of
the arrow. Also check to see that the coefficients
used are the smallest integers that give the balanced
equation.
The balanced equation is:
2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(l) preferred
or could be:
4H2(g) + 2O2(g)  4H2O(l)
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Section6.3
Section 3.3
Another Balancing Example:
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Section6.3
Section 3.3 Balancing using the underline method.
Na2O(s) + H2O(l) 2 NaOH(aq)
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
42 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Fe2O3(s)
LiOH(s) + CO2(g) LiHCO3(s)


2 KClO3(s) MnO2
2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g)
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Section6.3
Section 3.3
Exercise
Which of the following correctly balances the chemical

equation given below? There may be more than one
correct balanced equation. If a balanced equation is
incorrect, explain what is incorrect about it.
CaO + C  CaC2 + CO2
I. CaO2 + 3C  CaC2 + CO2
II. 2CaO + 5C  2CaC2 +
CO2
III. CaO + (2.5)C  CaC2 +
(0.5)CO2
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Section6.3
Section 3.3
Exercise
Of the three that are correct, which one is preferred

most (the most accepted convention)? Why?
CaO + C  CaC2 + CO2

I. CaO2 + 3C  CaC2 +
CO2
II. 2CaO + 5C  2CaC2
+ CO2
III. CaO + (2.5)C  Return to TOC

Section6.3
Section 3.3
Notice
The number of atoms of each type of element must
be the same on both sides of a balanced equation.
Subscripts must not be changed to balance an
equation.
A balanced equation tells us the ratio of the number
of molecules which react and are produced in a
chemical reaction.
Coefficients can be fractions, although they are
usually given as lowest integer multiples.
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Section6.3
Section 3.3
Four Driving Forces Favor Chemical Change
1. Formation of a solid
2. Formation of water
3. Transfer of electrons
4. Formation of a gas
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Section6.3
Section 3.4
Precipitation
• A reaction in which a solid forms is called a
precipitation reaction.
 Solid = precipitate
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Section6.3
Section 3.4
What Happens When an Ionic Compound Dissolves in Water?

• The ions separate and move around independently.
• Strong electrolyte – each unit of the substance that
dissolves in water produces separated ions.
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Section6.3
Section 3.4
What Happens When an Ionic Compound Dissolves in Water?

• K2CrO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)  Products
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Section6.3
Section 3.4
How to Decide What Products Form

• K2CrO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)  Products
• The mixed solution contains four types of ions: K+,
CrO42–, Ba2+, and NO3–.
• Determine the possible products from the ions in the
reactants. The possible ion combinations are:
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Section6.3
Section 3.4
How to Decide What Products Form

• Decide which is most likely to be the yellow solid
formed in the reaction.
• K2CrO4(aq) reactant
• Ba(NO3)2(aq) reactant
• The possible combinations are KNO3 and BaCrO4.
 KNO3 white solid
 BaCrO4 yellow solid
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Section6.3
Section 3.4
Using Solubility Rules
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Section6.3
Section 3.4
Using Solubility Rules

• Predicting Precipitates
 Soluble solid
 Insoluble solid
 Slightly soluble solid
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Section6.3
Section 3.4
Let’s Practice Determining Solubility

Which of the following are soluble in water?
Na2CO3 yes Cu(OH)2 no
CaCl2 yes Ba(OH)2 yes

AgCl no Ca3(PO4)2 no
BaSO4 no Pb(NO3)2 yes

(NH4)2S yes PbCl2 no
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Section6.3
Section 3.4
How to Predict Precipitates When Solutions of Two

Ionic Compounds Are Mixed
1. Write the reactants as they actually exist before any

reaction occurs. Remember that when a salt dissolves,
its ions separate.
2. Consider the various solids that could form. To do
this, simply exchange the anions of the added salts.
3. Use the solubility rules to decide whether a solid
forms and, if so, to predict the identity of the solid.
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Section6.3
Section 3.4
Concept Check
Which of the following ions form compounds

with Pb2+ that are generally soluble in water?
a) S2–
b) Cl–
c) NO3–
d) SO42–
e) Na+
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Section6.3
Section 3.4
Concept Check
A sodium phosphate solution reacts with a lead(II)

nitrate solution. What precipitate, if any, will form?
a) Pb3(PO4)2
b) NaNO3
c) Pb(NO3)2
d) No precipitate will form.
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Section6.3
Section 3.5
Net Ionic Equations
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

Molecular Equation
1. Divorce Ag++NO3- + Na++ Cl-
2. Change Partners Ag +NO3 + Na + Cl AgCl + NaNO3
+ - + -
3. Soluble? Ag++NO3- + Na++ Cl- AgCl(s) + Na+ + NO3-

Total Ionic Equation
4. Cross out Ag++ Cl- AgCl(s)
Spectator Ions
5. Balance Ag++ Cl- AgCl(s)
Net Ionic Equation
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Section6.3
Section 3.5
Net Ionic Equations
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + NaI(aq) Pbl2(s) + NaNO3(aq)

Molecular Equation
1. Divorce Pb+2+NO3- + Na++ l-
2. Change Partners Pb +NO3 + Na + l Pbl2 + NaNO3
+2 - + -
3. Soluble? Pb+2+NO3- + Na++ l - Pbl2(s) + Na+ NO3-

Total Ionic Equation
4. Cross out Pb+2+ l- Pbl2(s)
Spectator Ions
5. Balance Pb+2+ 2 l- Pbl2(s)
Net Ionic Equation
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Section6.3
Section 3.6
Types of Equations
Balancing Chemicalfor Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Equations
1. Molecular Equation
 Shows the complete formulas of all
reactants and products.
 It does not give a very clear picture of
what actually occurs in solution.
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Section6.3
Section 3.6
Types of Equations
Equations
2. Complete Ionic Equation

 All strong electrolytes are shown as ions.
 Notice: K+ and NO3– ions are present in

solution both before and after the reaction.
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Section6.3
Section 3.6
Types of Equations
Equations
3. Net Ionic Equation

 Only those components of the solution
that undergo a change.
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Section6.3
Section 3.6
Types of Equations
Equations
Concept Check
Write the correct molecular equation, complete ionic

equation, and net ionic equation for the reaction between
cobalt(II) chloride and sodium hydroxide.
Molecular Equation:
CoCl2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)  Co(OH)2(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
Complete Ionic Equation:

Co2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2OH(aq) 
Co(OH)2(s) + 2Na+(aq) +
2Cl(aq)
Net Ionic Equation: Return to TOC
Copyright ©Co (aq) + 2OH(aq)  Co(OH) (s)

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Section6.3
Section 3.7
BalancingTypes of Reactions
Chemical Equations
1. Combination (one product) A + B C

2. Decompostion (one reactant) A B+C
3. Single Replacement A + BC AC + B
4. Double Replacement AB + CD AD(s) + CB(l)
5. Acid-Base (Neutralization) HA + BOH H2O + BA
6. Combustion- Organic + O2 CO2 + H2O
7. No Reaction- both products are (aq).
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Section6.3
Section 3.7.1
Arrhenius
Balancing Chemical Acids
Equations and Bases
• A strong acid is one in which virtually every

molecule dissociates (ionizes) in water to an
H+ ion and an anion.
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Section6.3
Section 3.7.1
Arrhenius
Equations and Bases
Strong Acids Behave as Strong Electrolytes
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Section6.3
Section 3.7.1
Arrhenius
Equations and Bases
• A strong base is a metal hydroxide that is
completely soluble in water, giving separate OH 
ions and cations.
 Most common examples: NaOH and KOH
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Section6.3
Section 3.7.1
Arrhenius
Equations and Bases
• The products of the reaction of a strong acid

and a strong base are water and a salt.
 Salt  Ionic compound
• Net ionic equation
 H+(aq) + OH−(aq)  H2O(l)
• Reaction of H+ and OH− is called an acid-
base reaction.
 H+  acidic ion
 OH−  basic ion
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Section6.3
Section 3.7.1
Arrhenius
Equations and Bases
Summary of Strong Acids and Strong Bases
1. The common strong acids are aqueous solutions of

HCl, HNO3, and H2SO4.
2. A strong acid is a substance that completely
dissociates (ionizes) in water (into H + ions and
anions).
3. A strong base is a metal hydroxide compound that
is very soluble in water (and dissociates into OH –
ions and cations).
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Section6.3
Section 3.7.1
Arrhenius
Equations and Bases
4. The net ionic equation for the reaction of a strong

acid and a strong base is always the same: it shows
the production of water.
5. In the reaction of a strong acid and a strong base, one
product is always water and the other is always an
ionic compound called a salt, which remains
dissolved in the water. This salt can be obtained as a
solid by evaporating the water.
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Section6.3
Section 3.7.1
Arrhenius
Equations and Bases
6. The reaction of H+ and OH– is often called an acid-
base reaction, where H+ is the acidic ion and OH– is
the basic ion.
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Section6.3
Section 3.7.2
BalancingOxidation-Reduction
Chemical Equations Reaction
• Reactions between metals and nonmetals
involve a transfer of electrons from the metal
to the nonmetal.
• A reaction that involves a transfer of electrons.

 2Mg(s) + O2(g)  2MgO(s)
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Section6.3
Section 3.7.2
• Transfer of electrons
 2Li(s) + F2(g)  2LiF(s)
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Section6.3
Section 3.7.2
Formation of a Gas
• Oxidation–reduction reaction
• Single–replacement reaction
 A + BC  B + AC
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Section6.3
Section 3.7.2
Concept Check
Which of the following best describes what is

happening in the following representation of an
oxidation–reduction reaction:
a) Metal Al gains 3 e– and O2 – in Fe2O3 loses these 3e–.

b) Metal Al gains 3 e– and Fe3+ in Fe2O3 loses these
3e–.
c) Metal Al loses 3 e– and O2 – in Fe2O3 gains these 3e–.
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d) Metal Al loses 3 e and Fe in Fe2O3 gains these

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49
Section6.3
Section 3.7.2
Characteristics of Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
1. A metal–nonmetal reaction can always be assumed to
be an oxidation–reduction reaction, which involves
electron transfer.
2. Two nonmetals can also undergo an oxidation–
reduction reaction. At this point we can recognize
these cases only by looking for O2 as a reactant or
product. When two nonmetals react, the compound
formed is not ionic.
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Section6.3
Section 3.7.3
Precipitation
Balancing Chemical EquationsReaction
• Formation of a solid when two solutions are

mixed.
• Notice this is also a double–displacement

reaction.
 AB + CD  AD + CB
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Section6.3
Section 3.7.4
Acid-Base
Balancing Chemical Reaction
Equations
• Involves an H+ ion that ends up in the product

water.
 H+(aq) + OH−(aq)  H2O(l)
 HCl(aq) + KOH(aq)  H2O(l) + KCl(aq)
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Section6.3
Section 3.7.5
Combustion
Balancing Chemical Reactions
Equations
• Involve oxygen and produce energy (heat) so

rapidly that a flame results.
 CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
 Special class of oxidation–reduction reactions.
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Section6.3
Section 3.7.6
Synthesis
Balancing (Combination)
Chemical Equations Reactions
• A compound forms from simpler materials.

 C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g) Only one product!
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Section6.3
Section 3.7.7
Decomposition
Balancing Chemical Equations Reactions
• Occurs when a compound is broken down

into simpler substances.
 2H2O(l)  2H2(g) + O2(g) Only one reactant!
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55
Section 6.3
Summary
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CHAPTER THREE

Some Clues That a Chemical Reaction Has Occurred

The color changes A solid forms Bubbles are

• Chemical reactions involve a rearrangement of the

• In a chemical reaction atoms are not created

• All atoms present in the reactants must be

• Balancing the Equation:

• The balanced equation:

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 7

When blue light shines on a mixture of hydrogen and

a) HCl(g) H(g) + Cl(g)

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• The principle that lies at the heart of the balancing

• Atoms are neither created nor destroyed.

• The same number of each type of atom is found

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 10

How to Write and Balance Equations

2. Write the unbalanced equation that summarizes the

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 11

How to Write and Balance Equations

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 12

How to Write and Balance Equations

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How to Write and Balance Equations

4. Check to see that the coefficients used give the

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 14

Another Balancing Example:

Balancing Chemical Equations

Na2O(s) + H2O(l) 2 NaOH(aq)

CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

42 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Fe2O3(s)

LiOH(s) + CO2(g) LiHCO3(s)

Which of the following correctly balances the chemical

Of the three that are correct, which one is preferred

CaO + C  CaC2 + CO2

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 18

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What Happens When an Ionic Compound Dissolves in Water?

What Happens When an Ionic Compound Dissolves in Water?

How to Decide What Products Form

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How to Decide What Products Form

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Using Solubility Rules

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Using Solubility Rules

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Let’s Practice Determining Solubility

Na2CO3 yes Cu(OH)2 no

CaCl2 yes Ba(OH)2 yes

BaSO4 no Pb(NO3)2 yes

How to Predict Precipitates When Solutions of Two

1. Write the reactants as they actually exist before any

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 29

Which of the following ions form compounds

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A sodium phosphate solution reacts with a lead(II)

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 31

AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

3. Soluble? Ag++NO3- + Na++ Cl- AgCl(s) + Na+ + NO3-

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + NaI(aq) Pbl2(s) + NaNO3(aq)

3. Soluble? Pb+2+NO3- + Na++ l - Pbl2(s) + Na+ NO3-

2. Complete Ionic Equation

 Notice: K+ and NO3– ions are present in