Presentation Slides for

Air Pollution and Global Warming:

History, Science, and Solutions
Chapter 9: Indoor Air Pollution

By Mark Z. Jacobson
Cambridge University Press (2012)

Last update: February 15, 2012

The photographs shown here either appear in the textbook or were obtained from the
internet and are provided to facilitate their display during course instruction.
Permissions for publication of photographs must be requested from individual
copyright holders. The source of each photograph is given below the figure and/or in
the back of the textbook.
 Sources of Indoor Air Pollution
Kerosene heater Gas stove

www.chemistryland.com www.sispropane.ca

Fireplace

Gas heater Car exhaust from garage

www.homeinteriorszone.com Sims2.puskala.org www.3planesoft.com
 Sources of Indoor Air Pollution
Particle board Plywood Paneling

www.vgtrading.com.ar www.cof.orst.edu

www.germes-online.com

www.californiapaints.com www.vintageagainsoutheast.com Img.epinions.com

 Dust mites

Aura.gaia.com

Dust Mite Feces

www.buttercuppuppies.com www.sciencephoto.com Enhs.umn.edu

Dust Mite

S. Kaulitzki/Dreamstime
Pollen Fungal spores

specialcomment.wordpress.com
www.,materials.drexel.edu

Bacteria Viruses

www.scharfphoto.com www.healthinitiative.org Static.howstuffworks.com

Geoscape.nrcan.gc.ca
Radioactive Decay Emission
 First Evidence of Radioactivity
From Becquerel's Notes

American Institute of Physics Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, William G. Myers Collection
 Decay of Uranium to Lead
Decay sequence produces radon, polonium, and lead

(9.1)
www.epa.gov Zone 1 (red) = high radon
 Radon Zones

Red= high radon

Orange=medium radon
Yellow=low radon
www.epa.gov
Mineral Asbestos

Pancaketom/Dreamstime
 Asbestos
Chrysotile Chrysotile

Amosite

Crocidolite

www.enviraz.co.uk
Robert Grieshaber
 Asbestos
Ship insulation
Attic insulation Lamp wicks
www.technicaon-asbestos.co.uk
Mine
Fire blanket Home insulation

Pipe insulation

Brake pads

Locomotive insulation Roofing products

oraclesolutionsltd.co.uk
 Health Effects of Asbestos
Lung cancer: 4800 deaths/yr US
Mesothelioma: 2500/yr Cancer of mesothelial membrane lining lungs
Asbestosis: 1400/yr US: Slow, debilitating lung disease
Gastro-intestinal cancer: 1200 deaths/yr

Reports.ewg.org
 Libby, Montana
Vermiculite mine, which produced 80% of the world’s
vermiculite, opened in 1918. W.R. Grace Co. owned the
mine from 1963-1990, during which 192 deaths and 375 lung
injuries due asbestos were reported.

Closed Libby vermiculite facility Libby contaminated soil covered

www.bitsofnews.com www.home-air-purifier-expert.com
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Mainstream smoke
Exhaled smoke

Sidestream smoke
Emitted from burning cigarette

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) = second-hand smoke

Combination of mainstream and sidestream smoke.
Contains more than 4000 particle components and gases,
over 50 of which are known carcinogens. ETS may cause
17% of lung cancers of nonsmokers.

Concentrations
One pack of cigarettes ≈ 20 mg m-3 of particles in room over
24 hours. Near smoker, concentrations 500-1000 mg m-3
Mainstream/Sidestream Smoke

R. Kneschke/Henrischmit/Dreamstime
 Comparison of Cigarette with
Automobile Emissions
CO NOx Particles
Avg. cigarette emission (g/cigarette) 0.0464 0.0021 0.058

Avg. automobile emission (g/mi) 4.2 0.07 0.01

Number of cigarettes resulting in same

emission as driving one mile 90.5 33.3 0.17

Est. U.S. cigarette emiss. (tonnes/day) 61 2.7 76

Est. mobile-source emiss. (tonnes/day) 193,000 40,600

12,200

Table 9.3
Indoor Cookstove

Kacpura/Dreamstime
Indoor Workplace Standards

www.ipmsafety.com
 Indoor Workplace Standards
NAAQS apply to outdoor pollution only in the U.S.

No regulations control air pollution in indoor residences.

Standards for indoor workplaces set by Occupational Safety and

Health Administration (OSHA).

Recommendations for standards made by National Institute for

Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.
(ACGIH).

Permissible exposure limits (PELs) - set by NIOSH

Maximum allowable indoor workplace concentration over 8-h day

Time-weighted average threshold limit value (TWA-TLV)

Similar to PELs, but set by ACGIH
 Comparison of Indoor with
Outdoor Standards
Indoor 8-h
Outdoor
PEL and Outdoor
California
TWA-TLV NAAQS
Standard
Gas (ppmv) (ppmv) (ppmv)

Carbon monoxide 35 9.0 (8-h) 9 (8-h)

Nitrogen dioxide 1 (15-m) 0.053 (annual) 0.18 (1-h)

Ozone 0.1 0.075 (8-h) 0.07 (8-h)

Outdoor standards tougher to protect entire population. Table 9.4