Causes of Anemia

 Acute or chronic blood loss

 Inadequate dietary intake of vitamins and minerals needed
for rbc production
 Decreased rbc production of the bone marrow
 Increased destruction of rbc
 Increased demands of vitamins and minerals needed for
the production of rbc
Clinical manifestations

 Pallor
 Easy fatiguibility
 Weakness
 Anorexia
 Weight loss
 SOB
 Headache/dizziness
 Tachycardia/palpitations
 Syncope
 Brittle hair and nails
 Paresthesias
 Cold sensitivity
 Amenorrhea
  SKIN CHANGES

Pallor – results from reduces amount of Hgb and

reduced blood flow to the skin

Jaundice – hemolysis of RBCs results in increase of bilirubin

Pruritus – increased serum and skin bile salt concentration

Cardiopulmonary manifestations – attempts of the heart and

lungs to provide adequate amounts of O2
 IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

- Results when the intake of dietary iron is inadequate for Hgb synthesis
- Most common type of anemia in all age group.
- Microcytic , hypochromic anemia
IDA may develop from inadequate dietary intake,
malabsorption, blood loss or hemolysis

 Blood loss may be due to GI bleeding

 Genitourinary blood loss from menstrual bleeding

– 45 ml blood loss/22 mg of iron

 Post menopausal bleeding for elderly

 Pregnancy – loss of 2 mg/day

 Renal failure
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

 Vinson – Plummer’s syndrome

 Stomatitis
 Dysphagia
 Atrophic Glossitis
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

 Cheilosis – swelling and fissuring  Koilonychia – deformity of the nails

of the lips Concave, spoon shaped
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Pica

Tinnitus

CV symptoms: if hgb = 7.5 gm or below

-Increased PR, chest pain, SOB, CHF
-BT is necessary
COLLABORATIVE MANAGEMENT
o Medical Management

1. Iron supplement

 ORAL
 Ferrous sulfate – after meals
 Ferrous Gluconate and Fumarate – before meals

 PARENTERAL – Iron Dextran (Imferon)

-Administer using z track method
-Do not massage the site
 COLLABORATIVE MANAGEMENT

 Oral liquid iron – use straw

 Vit C increases absorption of iron
 Stool color may change to dark green or black
 May cause constipation – increase OFI,
laxatives or stool softeners may be needed

2. Oxygen therapy for SOB

3. BT as needed
NURSING INTERVVENTIONS

 Promote rest – is the priority nursing intervention

 Provide good oral care
 Provide good skin care
 Diet: Iron rich foods
 organ meats, lean meat, egg yolk
 Beans
 Green and leafy vegetables
 Raisins and other dried fruits