LIPID

METABOLISM
What is the definition of
lipid metabolism?

 is the synthesis and degradation of lipids

in cells, involving the breakdown or
storage of fats for energy and the
synthesis of structural and functional
lipids, such as those involved in the
construction of cell membranes. In
animals, these fats are obtained from
food or are synthesized by the liver.
 Fats (or triglycerides) within the body are
ingested as food or synthesized by adipocytes
or hepatocytes from carbohydrate precursors.

Lipid Lipids entails the oxidation of fatty acids to

either generate energy or synthesize new lipids
metabolism from smaller constituent molecules

Lipid metabolism is associated with

carbohydrate metabolism, as products of
glucose (such as acetyl coA) can be converted
into lipids.
Central molecule: Acetyl CoA
Overview of lipid metabolism
Fats are triglycerides (TAGs)
Triglyceride Broken
Down into a
Monoglyceride
 Figure 1: A triglyceride molecule
(a) breaks down into a
monoglyceride (b).
 TERMINOLOGIES
beta (β)-oxidation- fatty acid oxidation

salts that are released from the liver in

Bile salts response to lipid ingestion and surround the
insoluble triglycerides to aid in their
conversion to monoglycerides and free fatty
acids.

Cholecystokinin(CCK)- -hormone that stimulates the release of

pancreatic lipase and the contraction of the
gallbladder to release bile salts.
 TERMINOLOGIES
Chylomicrons- vesicles containing cholesterol and triglycerides that transport
lipids out of intestinal cells and into the lymphatic and
circulatory systems.

Fatty acid oxidation- breakdown of fatty acids into smaller chain fatty acids and
acetylCoA

ketone bodies- alternative source of energy when glucose is limited, created

when too much acetyl CoA is created during fatty acid
oxidation
 TERMINOLOGIES
Lipogenesis- synthesis of lipids that occurs in the liver or adipose tissue.

Lipolysis- breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

monoglyceride molecules- lipid consisting of a single fatty acid chain attached to a

glycerol backbone

pancreatic lipases- enzymes released from the pancreas that digest lipids in the diet
 LIPID METABOLISM PATHWAYS

1. Lipolysis (Triglyceride Breakdown)

2. Fatty Acid Oxidation (Beta-oxidation)
3. De novo Lipogenesis (Fatty Acid Synthesis)
4. Ketone Body Synthesis.
SOURCES OF LIPID FOR ENERGY

FAT SYNTHESIZED IN
ONE ORGAN FOR
STORED FAT (ADIPOSE
DIET EXPORT TO ANOTHER
TISSUE)
(EXCESS CARB
CONVERTED TO FAT)
DIET

Breakdown or storage ?
 From tissues (adipocytes)

FAT

 GLUCAGON
 INSULIN
FAT UTILIZATION
HSL- HORMONE
SENSITIVE LIPASE
INSULIN

 FAT STORAGE
GLUCAGO
N
LIVER

GLYCEROL

GLYCER
ATP To obtain energy from fat, triglycerides must first be
OL
KINASE broken down by hydrolysis into their two principal
ADP
components, fatty acids and glycerol. This process,
called LIPOLYSIS, takes place in the cytoplasm.
GLYCEROL-3-P
NAD+

NADH The glycerol that is released from triglycerides after

lipolysis directly enters the glycolysis pathway as DHAP.
DHAP

Predominantly occurring in adipose tissue,

lipolysis is used to mobilize stored energy
GLYCOLYSIS during fasting & exercise.
FFA ENTER TO THE (BLOOD)

BETA OXIDATION

ACETYL CoA
The resulting fatty acids are
oxidized by β-oxidation into
acetyl CoA, which is used by
the Krebs cycle.

CITRIC ACID
CYCLE OR
KREBS CYCLE
Beta-oxidation( Fatty Acid Oxidation)

To generate energy

from fatty acids they must
be oxidized.
This process occurs in
the mitochondria but long
chain fatty acids cannot
diffuse across the
mitochondrial membrane.
Carnitine, an amino acid-
derived compound, helps
shuttle long-chain fatty
acids into
the mitochondria.
 Fatty Acid Oxidation(Beta-oxidation)

 1. ACTIVATION OF FATTY ACID

ATP ADP

FATTY ACID FATTY ACYL COA

FATTY ACYL COA

SYNTHETASE

(THIOKINASE)
 Fatty Acid Oxidation(Beta-oxidation)
CPTI is located on the outer mitochondrial membrane,
 2. TRANSPORT of Acyl CoA TO MITOCHONDRIA CPTII is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The fatty acid is first activated by adding CoA (forming

acyl-CoA), then CPTI adds carnitine.

Acyl-Carnitine is then transported into

the mitochondrial matrix with the assistance of
the enzyme translocase.

In the matrix , CPTII removes carnitine from

the activated fatty acid (acyl-CoA).

Carnitine is recycled back into thE cytosol to be

used again.

Even though carnitine is important for this action, taking

supplemental carnitine will not increase fatty acid
oxidation.This is due to the fact that the amount of carnitine
available is not limiting fatty acid oxidation
 Fatty Acid Oxidation(Beta-oxidation)
3. Repeated oxidation (FATTY ACID SPIRAL) to produce acetyl Coa , FADH2, NADH
 ATP PER CARBON

ENERGY YIELD FATTY ACID

8 ATP
C
GLUCOSE
6.3
ATPS c

C16 FATTY ACID ATP

C2 ACETYL COA 8X12=96

# OF ROUNDS OF B OXIDATION 7
NADH 7X3
FADH2 7X2
TOTAL 131-2 = 129ATP
De novo
Lipogenesis(Fatty
Acid Synthesis)
 When energy status is sufficient, acetyl
CoA used to build fatty acids for storage
 2-Carbon acetyls are getting reduced into
fatty acids, oxidizes NADPH to NADP in
the process.
 Requires energy input
 Fatty acids pack tightly, unlimited storage
potential
De novo Lipogenesis(Fatty Acid Synthesis)

 De novo in Latin means "from the

beginning." Thus, de novo lipogenesis
is the synthesis of fatty acids
beginning with acetyl-CoA.
 Acetyl-CoA has to first move out of
the mitochondria where it is then
converted to malonyl-CoA (3
carbons).
 Malonyl-CoA then is combined with
another acetyl-CoA to form a 4
carbon fatty acid (1 carbon is given off
as CO2).
 The addition of 2 carbons is repeated
through a similar process 7 times to
produce a 16 carbon fatty acid.
Ketone bodies
Ketogenesis

 The process of the formation of ketone

bodies
 Synthesized in liver
Ketone Body Synthesis

 In cases where there is not enough glucose

available for the brain (very low carbohydrate
diets, starvation), the liver can use acetyl-
CoA, primarily from fatty acids (but also
certain amino acids) to synthesize ketone
bodies (ketogenesis)
 After they are synthesized in the liver, ketone
bodies are released into circulation where they
can travel to the brain. the brain converts
the ketone bodies to acetyl-coa that can then
enter the citric acid cycle for ATP production.
Energy
 Fats are important source of calories. Typically, 30%-40%of calories in American diet
are from fat.
 Fat is the major form of energy storage.
 Typical body fuel reserves are :
Fat : 100,000 kcal.
Protein: 25,000 kcal.
Carbohydrate : 650 kcal.

Provides 60% of energy needs for body at rest.

TAG reserves would enable someone to survive starvation for 30 days.