METHODS OF

PHILOSOPHIZING
LESSON: 2
 BEFORE WE
START LET’S HAVE
A SHORT REVIEW
OBJECTIVES:

 TO DISTINGUISH OPINION
FROM TRUTH
 TO EVALUATE OPINION
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHIZING

IS A KIND OF DISCOURSE ON REALITY, IT

IS ESSENTIALLY TIED UP WITH MAN’S
OPENNESS TOWARD THE REALITY WHICH
IS BEING VERBALIZED.
 METHODS OF
PHILOSOPHIZING:
PHENEMENOLOGY
EXISTENTIALISM
POST MODERNISM
ANALYTIC TRADITION
LOGICAL AND CRITICAL
THINGKING
FALLACIES
PHENOMENOLOGY: ON
CONSCIOUSNESS

In phenomenology, truth is
based on the person`s
consciousness
 EXISTENTIALIS
M: ON FREEDOM

 One`s search for truth

might be based on
one`s attitude or
outlook.
 POSTMODERNISM:
ON CULTURES
 HAS COME INTO VAGUE AS THE NAME
FOR THE RATHER DIFFUSE FAMILY OF
IDEAS AND TRENDS THAT IN SIGNIFICANT
RESPECTS, REJECTS, CHALLENGES OR
AIMS TO SUPPOSED “MODERNITY”
 LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING: TOOLS IN
REASONING

• SERVE AS PATHS TO FREEDOM FROM HALF-TRUTHS AND

DECEPTIONS. CRITICAL THINKING HELPS US UNCOVER BIAS
AND PREJUDICE AN OPEN TO NEW IDEAS NOT NECESSARILY
IN AGREEMENT WITH PREVIOUS THOUGHTS.
2 BASIC TYPES OF REASONING
• INDUCTIVE REASONING (OBSERVATION)
• DEDUCTIVE REASONING (INVESTIGATIONS)
 Fallacies
 arguments may be based on
faulty reasoning
 TYPES OF FALLACY
1. APPEAL TO PITY – ETO YUNG MGA GUMAGAMIT NG EMOTIONAL BLACK MAIL OR
EMOTIONAL ATTACK. ETO YUNG MGA TAONG DADAAININ KAS SA GUILT.

2. APPEAL TO IGNORANCE – WHATEVER HAS BEEN PROVED FALSE MUST BE TRUE OR

VICE VERSA.

3. EQUIVOCATION – ETO YUNG MGA MIS-INTERPRETATION NATIN SA MGA SALITA NA

ATING GINAGAMIT.

4. COMPOSITION – YUNG PINANINIWALAAN NATIN NA TOTOO.

5. DIVISION – KABALIKTARAN NG COMPOSITION

6. AGAINTS THE PERSON – SAME AS APPEAL TO PITY BUT YOU ARE USING THIS TO THE
PERSON WHO REALLY, THEY ARE OR WHAT KIND OF IDENTITY THEY HAVE.

7. APPEAL TO FORCE – DITO PUMAPASOK YUNG MGA PAMIMILIT MO SA ISANG TAO NA

MANIWA SA PINANINIWALAAN MO OR SA PINAG LALABAN.
Determining Truth
The first concept about truth is rooted in an ancient
Greek philosophy’s concept of knowledge as
“justified, true belief”- this concepts states that
something is true because you believe it to be truth,
and that there is justification for such belief.
Correspondence theory – states that something is
true if it corresponds to reality or the actual state
affairs.
Correspondence theory
“kung ang iyong namulatan na katotohanan ay kaparehas ng
iyong nakikita sa reyalidad, para sa iyo, iyon ang katotohanan”

 Copy theory truth

 Idea and reality matches each other
 An idea is true if it corresponds with reality
 I saw some of my Drafting students at SM SJDM yesterday
 “Idea” and “reality” relationship = fact
 A dog is an animal in which barks
 A cat is a rational animal which can make decisions in life.
Correspondence theory

 Grade 11 Stem is the most discipline

section in AU.
 Some of you failed to get a passing
grade in Quiz 2.
 Teacher Clarise weighs 54
kilograms.
Analyze the following headlines using the Correspondence
Theory.
 “Manananggal Terrorizes Manila”
 “Man Give Birth to Twins”
Are these headlines believable? Why do you think so?
Have you come across statements of claims which you
considered unreliable? What made you think so?
 Coherence Theory
“Kung ang iyong alam na katotohanan ay iisa sa sistema ng
ispesipikong katotohanang iyong nalaman, iyon ang katotohanan”

 Varied truths from different perspectives

 It’s true because it makes sense in a specific context and with consistency
which proves it to be true
 Muslims believe that pigs are unclean (belief)
 Puppies are young dogs (reality)
 KJV is the nearest translation of the Bible to its inspired book (spirituality)
 RELATIVISM
 Philosophical concept said “there is no absolute truth”. It depends upon the context
people believe in.
 Analyze the headline using the Coherence
Theory.
“Pope Francis Says Abortion is Acceptable
Practice for Catholics”
 What makes you think this statement is unreliable or
untrue?
 Can you give other examples of statements or idea
which rely mostly on coherence for it to be true?
 Constructivist Theory
“kung ano ang iyong namulatan na katotohanan, ‘yon ang iyong
nabuo sa isipan bilang katotohanan”
 Knowledge is formed through social
forces & influenced by culture and
history.
 What you consider true is because your
belief was formed by your society and
culture
 It’s more fun in the Philippines
 Constructivist Theory
“kung ano ang iyong namulatan na katotohanan, ‘yon ang iyong
nabuo sa isipan bilang katotohanan”
 Truth may change given it may be influenced through
interventions
 The truth that you have a boyfriend / girlfriend today may
change due to some influences
 Magloko si bf / gf
 Third party
 Just making fun
 Just playing
 Family conflict
 Religion conflict
Constructivist Theory
“kung ano ang iyong namulatan na katotohanan, ‘yon ang iyong nabuo
sa isipan bilang katotohanan”
 The fact that you are respectful today
might change
 The other person does not respect you
 You’re wasted of respecting undesirable
people
 Nasaktan ang ego mo
 Consensus Theory
“Kung ano ang sinabi ng pinakamakapangyarihan, iyon ang
katotohanan”
 Everyone agrees that it is true, then it’s true with
the lead of higher authorities
 Like; belief, traditions, rituals, practices imposed by
people in higher authorities
 The International Astronomical Union (IAU) >composed
of professional astronomers< changed planet Pluto’s to
“dwarf planet”, however some professional astronomers
disagree. Therefore not yet considered truth.
Pragmatic Theory
“Kung ang katotohanan ay ipinapamuhay mo, iyon ang
katotohanan sa buhay mo, ngunit dapat itong makumpirma sa
pamamagitan ng siyentipikong proseso”

 However we have to confirm its validity

 VERIFICATIONISM
 Verification of the said truth using senses and experiences
 Use of scientific method to determine the truth
 Let’s go BACK!!

Correspondence Theory
Coherence Theory
Constructivist Theory
Consensus Theory
Pragmatic Theory
 Correspondence Theory
Coherence Theory
Constructivist Theory
Pragmatic Theory
 Napakaraming paraan para matukoy ang katotohanan,
ngunit hindi natin maaaring masabi na isa sa kanila ay ang
BEST upang makuha ang katotohanan, kinakailangang
ang lahat ng mga ito ay gamitin upang makamit talaga ang
katotohanang iyong ninanais malaman.
Fallacies- arguments
may be based on faulty
reasoning
8. APPEAL TO PEOPLE – ETO YUNG MGA TAOG MAY MGA
PINAG LALABAN PERO ANG TOTOO AY NAKIKISABAY
LAMANG SILA SA KUNG ANO ANG USO.

9. FALSE CAUSE – DITO NAMAN YUNG NAG KAKAMALI

TAYO NG PAG BIBIGAY NG RASON SA ACCURANCY NG
ISANG BAGAY.

10. HASTY GENERALIZATION – DITO NAMAN YUNG

NANINIWALA TAYO SA ISANG BAGAY NA WALA NAMAN
SAPAT NA EBIDENSYA NA TOTOO NGA ANG INAAKUSA
NATIN SA ISANG TAO.

11. BEGGING THE QUESTION – DITO NAMAN AY YUNG

ASSUMTIONS NATIN SA ISANG BAGAY OR SA ISANG TAO.
 Fact – established truths, easily verified and do not
easily change from one situation to another.
 Opinions – more subjective and may express certain
views and beliefs.
*Bias – personal views of the person
- refer to tendencies or influences which
affect the views of people.
 Bias Characteristics Example
Correspondence bias or Tendency to judge a person’s “These soldiers who fought
attribution affect personality by his or her in the war are all
actions, without regard for bloodthirsty murderers!”
external factors or influences
Confirmition bias Tendency to look for and “How can I accept his view
readily accept information that there is no God? I am a
which fits with one’s own Christian!”
beliefs and to reject ideas

Framing Focusing on a certain aspect “Preliminary evidences have

of a problem while ignoring still not pointed out actual
other aspects cause of the plane crash, but
investigation are currently
focusing on the possibility of
pilot error.
Hindsight Tendency to see past events
as predictable
Conflict of interest A person or group is
connected to or has a vested
interest in the issue being
discussed
Cultural bias Analyzing event or issue
based on one’s cultural
standards
“Magellan’s assault on
Mactan Island was a
foolhardy venture, made by
an overconfident careless
man who underestimate the
valor of the native Filipinos.
“As the daughter of believed
the accused, I believed I
have the right to express my
opinion on the issue of his
alleged corrupt practices.”
“I do not agree with this
Western practice of placing
aged parents retirement
homes. We Filipinos take
care of our family
members.”
Correspondence Theory
Coherence Theory
Determining Truth
Constructivist Theory
Pragmatic Theory

THANK
YOU!