Anatomy of Nerve

Learning Objectives
End of this session, you will understand
• Classification of nervous system
• Structure & types of neuron
• Types of nerve fibers
• Neuroglial cells
• Receptors
• Neuronal regeneration
• Components of Movement Generation
• Classification Movements
 Introduction
Nervous system:
– Network of nerve cells and fibers which transmits
nerve impulses between parts of the body.

Basic Function :
– Receive sensory input internal/ external
– Integrate the input
– Responding to internal/ external stimuli

Divided in to :
– CNS
– PNS
 CNS
Importance:
• Receives and process all information from all the parts of the body

 Storage and process the  Transmitting signals from brain

information to other parts/ vice versa
Classification
of Nervous
System

Ref – Essentials of Medical Physiology, 6th Edition, K. Sembulingam, Pg. No. 758.
Parts of CNS

Ref – Essentials of Medical Physiology, 6th Edition, K. Sembulingam, Pg. No. 757, 758.
Parts of PNS

Ref – Clinical Neuroanatomy, 7E, 2010, Snell, Pg .No. 3

Structure of Neuron
Types of a
Neuron

Ref – Clinical Neuroanatomy, 7E, 2010, Snell, Pg .No. 36

 Types of neurons
• Sensory neuron (afferent neuron) – Functions to
receive initial stimuli from the sense organs
eyes, ears, skin etc.
• Interneurons (association neuron) – They are the
central nodes of neural circuits, connecting
sensory and motor neurons to the central
nervous system. Interneurons are also involved
in reflexes, neuronal oscillations, and
neurogenesis.
• Motor neuron (efferent neuron) – Functions to
stimulate an effector cells such as muscles.
Ref – Clinical Neuroanatomy, 7E, 2010, Snell, Pg .No. 36
 Enteric glial cells are found in the nerves in the digestive system
Ref – https://i.pinimg.com/originals/02/07/39/0207393d96dc76e0d2351b23f6c47efc.jpg
Ref – Essentials of Medical Physiology, 6th Edition, K. Sembulingam, Pg. No. 776
Ref – Essentials of Medical Physiology, 6th Edition, K. Sembulingam, Pg. No. 777
 Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons and
target cells. These target cells can be muscles, glands, or other neurons.
Structure of nerve
Classification
of nerve
injury

Ref -
https://marlin-prod.literatumonline.com/cms/att
achment/8f0b2113-7bc9-4ef0-bb9c-
ba8120c6af42/gr1_lrg.jpg
Regeneration
of neuron
CNS vs PNS

Ref – https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Spinal-Cord-Regeneration%3A-Ready%2C-Set%2C-Nogo-Strittmatter-
Fiske/57a04d6979b17b10a74a60e49b78f003270fe8f1
Regeneration
of neuron in
PNS

Ref –
http://www.anatomyqa.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/myelin-sheath-an
d-neurilemma.png
 Movement
Generation Depends

Ref – Motor Control, 4th edition, Anne Shumway cook, Pg. No . 4,5.
Components of Movement Generation

Ref – Motor Control, 4th edition, Anne Shumway cook, Pg. No . 46.
 Brain

Spinal cord

Ref – Motor Control, 4th edition, Anne Shumway cook, Pg. No . 48;
Essentials of Medical Physiology, 6th Edition, K. Sembulingam, Pg. No. 758.
Components
of Reflex

Ref – Essentials of Medical Physiology, 6th Edition, K. Sembulingam, Pg. No. 758;
Motor Control, 4th edition, Anne Shumway cook, Pg. No . 52.
Sequence of
reflex
maturation

Ref – Motor Control, 4th edition, Anne Shumway cook, Pg. No. 10
 Classification Movements
The simplest movements are reflexes (knee jerk, pupil dilation), which are
involuntary, stereotyped and graded responses to sensory input, and have no
threshold except that the stimulus must be great enough to activate the
relevant sensory input pathway.
Fixed action patterns (sneezing, orgasm) are involuntary and stereotyped, but
typically have a stimulus threshold that must be reached before they are
triggered, and are less graded and more complex than reflexes.

Rhythmic motor patterns (walking, scratching, breathing) are stereotyped

and complex, but are subject to continuous voluntary control.

Directed movements (reaching) are voluntary and complex,

but are generally neither stereotyped nor repetitive.

Ref – http://www.els.net/elsonline/html/A0000032.html (1 of 12) [2/6/2001 11:39:35 AM]

 Classification Movements

Ref – Pediatric Physical Therapy - Tecklin, Jan S, Pg. No. 38.

Thank you