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Chapter 1 - 2021-Matter and Nomenclature (Student)
Chapter 1 - 2021-Matter and Nomenclature (Student)
Duration : 2 x 50 minutes
Kimia Dasar I
1
Classification of Matter (Review last class)
2
Elements
3
Natural Abundance of Elements in earth crust
and human body
Earth crust
Human body
4
Periodic Table
Summarizes periodic properties of elements
Modern Periodic Table
• Arranged by increasing atomic number (Z):
• Rows called periods
• Columns called groups or families
Identified by numbers
1 – 18 standard international
1A – 8A longer columns & 1B – 8B shorter
columns
5
Modern Periodic Table
Transition
Elements
6
A groups—Longer columns :
Alkali Metals (1A = first group)
• Very reactive
• All Metals except for H
• Tend to form +1 ions
• React with oxygen
Form compounds that dissolve in water
Yield strongly caustic or alkaline solution
(M2O)
7
A groups—Longer columns :
Alkaline Earth Metals (2A = second group)
• Reactive
• Tend to form +2 ions
• Oxygen compounds are strongly alkaline (MO)
• Many are not water soluble
• Accumulate in ground
8
A groups—Longer columns :
Halogens (7A)
• Reactive
• Form diatomic molecules in elemental
state
2 gases
1 liquid
2 solids
• Form –1 ions with alkali metals—salts
9
A groups—Longer columns :
Noble Gases
10
Transition Elements
B groups—shorter columns
• All are metals
• In center of table
• Begin in fourth row
• Tend to form ions with several different
charges
Ex.
• Fe2+ and Fe3+
• Cu+ and Cu2+
• Mn2+, Mn3+, Mn4+, Mn5+, Mn6+, Mn7+
Note: Last 3 columns all have 8B
designation 11
Metals, Nonmetals, or Metalloids
12
Metals, Nonmetals, or Metalloids
Elements break down into 3 broad categories
Organized by regions of periodic table
Metals
Left-hand side
Sodium, lead, iron, gold
Nonmetals
Upper right hand corner
Oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine
Metalloids
Diagonal line between metals & nonmetals
Boron to astatine 13
Metals
Most elements in periodic table
Properties
Conduct heat & electricity
Solids at Room Temperature
• Melting points (mp) > 25 °C
• Hg only liquid metal (mp = –39 °C)
• Tungsten (W) (mp = 3400 °C)
• Highest known for metal
Chemical reactivity
• Varies greatly
• Au, Pt very unreactive
• Na, K very reactive 14
Metals, Nonmetals, or Metalloids
15
Nonmetals
• Brittle
• Pulverize when struck
• Insulators
• Non-conductors of
electricity and heat
• Chemical reactivity
• Some inert
• Noble gases
• Some reactive
• F2, O2, H2
• React with metals to form ionic compounds
16
Metals, Nonmetals, or Metalloids
17
Metalloids
• 8 Elements
• Located on diagonal line between metals &
nonmetals
• B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At
Properties
• Between metals & nonmetals
• Metallic shine
• Brittle like nonmetal
• Semiconductors
• Conduct electricity
• But not as well as metals
• Silicon (Si) & germanium (Ge) 18
Metals, Nonmetals, or Metalloids
19
Compound
20
Classification of Compound
H2 H2 O NH3 CH4
Molecular
Elements
molecular empirical
H2O H2O
C6H12O6 CH2O
O3 O
N2H4 NH2
23
Ionic Compound
ionic compounds consist of a combination of cations
and an anions
• The formula is usually the same as the empirical formula
• The sum of the charges on the cation(s) and anion(s) in each
formula unit must equal zero
24
Ion
An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net
positive or negative charge.
cation – ion with a positive charge
If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons it becomes a cation.
26
Common Monoatomic Ion
27
Common Polyatomic Ions
28
Hydrates
• Crystals that contain water molecules
e.g., Plaster: CaSO4∙2H2O calcium sulfate dihydrate
• Water is not tightly held
• Dehydration
• Removal of water by heating
• Remaining solid is anhydrous (without water)
29
Chemical Nomenclature
Why ??
31
Chemical Nomenclature
33
JacobH/Getty Images
Nomenclature of Ionic Compound
• Often a metal + nonmetal
• Cation (1st) = name of atom (metal)
= name of polyatomic cation
(NH4+ : Ammonium/ amonium)
• Anion (2nd) = nonmetal,
Monoatomic anion: add “ide” to element name (in Bahasa : add “ida”)
Polyatomic anion = the name of polyatomic anion
Monoatomic English Bahasa Polyatomic English Bahasa
anion anion
Cl- chloride klorida CO32- carbonate karbonat
Br- bromide bromida PO43- phosphate fosfat
O2- oxide oksida SO42- sulfate sulfat
34
S2- sulfide sulfida CrO 2-
chromate kromat
Nomenclature of Ionic Compound
• Often a metal + nonmetal
• Cation (1st) = name of atom (metal)
= name of polyatomic cation
(NH4+ : Ammonium)
• Anion (2nd) = nonmetal,
Monoatomic anion: add “ide” to element name (in Bahasa : add “ida”)
Polyatomic anion = the name of polyatomic anion
BaCl2 barium chloride barium klorida
K2 O potassium oxide kalium oksida
Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide magnesium hidroksida
KNO3 potassium nitrate kalium nitrat 35
Transition metal ionic compounds
1. KBr
2. (NH4)3PO4
3. FeCO3
4. Cr2(SO4)3
38
Nomenclature of
Molecular compounds
• Molecular compounds
− Nonmetals or nonmetals + metalloids
− Common names
Bahasa
− H2O, NH3, CH4,
mono
− Element furthest to the left in a period and di
closest to the bottom of a group on Tri
Tetra
periodic table is placed first in formula Penta
− If more than one compound can be formed Heksa
from the same elements, use prefixes to Hepta
Okta
indicate number of each kind of atom Nona
− Last element name ends in ide (ida in deka
Bahasa) 39
Examples
41
Hydrate
CuSO4•5H2O CuSO4
42
Concept Check
Give the correct name for below compounds
1. MnSO4
2. SF6
3. Na2SO4.7H2O
4. NH4Br
5. N2O4
43
Common Trivial Name
44
Chemical Equation
45
How to describe chemical reaction
47
Mass Balance in Chemical Reaction
• Atom cannot be created and destroyed
• It means that amount of each atom at reactant and product
must be same
• If amount of each atom is same, total mass of each element
must be same
2 carbon 1 carbon
multiply CO2 by 2
on left on right
C 2H 6 + O 2 2CO2 + H2O
6 hydrogen 2 hydrogen
on left on right multiply H2O by 3
C 2H 6 + O 2 2CO2 + 3H2O
50
Balancing Chemical Equations (cont)
51