Cardiovascular

System
Paper 1
Applied Anatomy & Physiology
Structure of
the Heart
SEPTUM

RIGHT ATRIUM
LEFT ATRIUM
RIGHT VENTRICLE
LEFT VENTRICLE

PULMONARY
ARTERY
PULMONARY VEIN
AORTA
VENA CAVA

BICUSPID VALVE
TRICUSPID VALVE
Exam Question:
Q) A diagram of the heart is shown below.
Using the diagram, identify the names of the
chambers of the heart labelled X and Y.

LEFT ATRIUM

LEFT VENTRICLE
Blood Vessels ARTERIES
3 different types?

Q) What do you
already know about VEINS
these blood vessels?

Q) Why do different
CAPILLARIES
types of blood
vessels exist?
ARTERIES

◦ Carry blood AWAY from the heart

◦ Carries blood under high pressure
◦ Carry oxygenated blood
◦ Has a pulse
◦ Have thick, strong, muscular, elastic walls that can stretch
◦ Maintain blood pressure by relaxing and narrowing slightly when heart is in
DIASTOLE
◦ Have a small LUMEN (internal diameter)
VEINS

◦ Carry blood TOWARDS the heart

◦ Carries blood under low pressure
◦ Carries deoxygenated blood
◦ No pulse
◦ No stretch to walls
◦ Thin walled due to lower blood pressure
◦ Large LUMEN (internal diameter)
◦ Have VALVES to prevent BACKFLOW
CAPILLARIES

◦ Create a huge network in the body

◦ Very narrow (only allows one cell to pass through at a time)
◦ 1 cell thick walls to allow rapid diffusion through the walls
Q) Describe and explain the differences
between the 3 types of blood vessels
Cardiovascular Values
CARDIAC OUTPUT STROKE VOLUME HEART RATE

The volume of blood

ejected from the heart
per minute
= The volume of blood
ejected from the heart
per beat
x The number of times
the heart beats per
minute
Approx: 5l/min Approx: 70ml/beat

Impact of Exercise: Impact of Exercise: Impact of Exercise:

Increases Increases Increases

 BLOOD PRESSURE
PULSE
Force of the blood
The beat of the heart
passing through an
artery

Short Term Exercise

Long Term Exercise
Impact:
Impact: Impact of Exercise:
INCREASES
Lowered over time Increases
 ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES
THE CARDIAC CYCLE (Tricuspid and Bicuspid valve)

The pathway of blood

Deoxygenated blood
1. Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the vena cava Vena cava
2. Flows into the right atrium Right atrium
Atrioventricular valve
3. Flows through the atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) into the right ventricle
(tricuspid)
4. Blood pushed out into the pulmonary artery to the lungs Right ventricle
5. Gas Exchange occurs at the lungs so the blood is now oxygenated Pulmonary artery
Lungs
6. Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the pulmonary vein Gas Exchange
7. Flows into the left atrium Oxygenated blood
Pulmonary vein
8. Flows through the atrioventricular valve (bicuspid) into the left ventricle
Left atrium
9. Blood pushed out into the aorta to the body Atrioventricular valve (bicuspid)
10. Oxygenated blood delivered to the body (working muscles) Left ventricle
Aorta
Body (working muscles)