The Skeletal System

Paper 1. Part 1: Applied Anatomy and

Physiology
 Learning Objectives
AO1- know the names and locations of the major bones in the
body

AO2- classify bones according to their function

AO3- describe and explain the functions of the skeletal system

 What are the functions
of the skeletal system?

• Think of a netball player........

• Discussion

AO3- describe and explain the functions of the skeletal system

 What are the functions
of the skeletal system?

• Split a page into 6 (use a pencil and a ruler).

AO3- describe and explain the functions of the skeletal system

 What are the functions
of the skeletal system?

1- Support
2- Protection
3- Movement
4- Structural Shape & Points for Attachment
5- Mineral Storage
6- Blood Cell Production

AO3- describe and explain the functions of the skeletal system

 Support for
muscles and vital
organs. Without
this, would be a
soft mass unable to
What are the functions
move. of the skeletal system?

1- Support
How does the skeleton provide support?
What sporting examples can you think of ?

AO3- describe and explain the functions of the skeletal system

Protection of vital
organs. Reduces
the chance of
injury in sport and What are the functions
long term health. Cranium = brain
Ribs = digestive of the skeletal system?
system, heart

2 – Protection
How does the skeletal system offer
protection ?
What examples can you think of?
What sporting examples can you think of ?

AO3- describe and explain the functions of the skeletal system

Muscles contract
and pull on the
bones to create What are the functions
movement.
of the skeletal system?

3 – Movement
How does movement occur?
Why is this important for sport?
What examples are there?

AO3- describe and explain the functions of the skeletal system

 Maintaining
posture and basic
form of body.
Points for muscle
attachments to What are the functions
bring about
movement. of the skeletal system?

4- Structural Shape & Points for

Attachment
What is meant by structural shape?
What needs to attach to the skeleton?
How does it attach?

AO3- describe and explain the functions of the skeletal system

 Minerals are
essential for major
body functions and
therefore general What are the functions
health of athletes.
of the skeletal system?

5– Mineral Storage
Bones store what minerals?
Why are these important for a sports
performer?

AO3- describe and explain the functions of the skeletal system

 RBC = carry o2

Blood cell
production in the
WBC = fight
infections
What are the functions
bone marrow.
Platelets = clot
of the skeletal system?
blood

6 – Blood Cell Production

What are produced in the bone marrow?
What do platelets do?
What Red Blood Cells do?
What do White Blood Cells do?

AO3- describe and explain the functions of the skeletal system

AO1- know the names and locations of the major
bones in the body

Names and locations of the

major bones in the body
 COMMON
MISTAKES  Clavicle  Cranium ■ Ulna
1. Incorrect  Phalanges  Verterbrae ■ Pelvis
spellings
2. Confusing the
 Metacarpals  Scapula ■ Femur
tibia and the
fibula
 Carpals  Humerus ■ Tibia
3. Confusing the  Metatarsals  Ribs
radius and ulna ■ Patella
 Tarsals  Sternum
■ Fibula
 Sacrum  Radius
■ Talus
 Jaw bone

Stick the skeleton in the middle of a page.

Using the list of bones, label the skeleton with any

bones you already know.

Answers to be revealed on the next page.

Names and locations of bones

COMMON MISTAKES

1. Incorrect spellings
2. Confusing the tibia
and the fibula
3. Confusing the radius
and ulna

Radius = thumbs Tap your tibia =

up, bone on top bone at front
Ulna = thumbs up, Flick your fibula =
bone underneath bone at back
 How does the skeletal system provide a
framework for movement?

Joints allow movement

The shape and type of the bones determine the
Structure of amount of movement possible (classification of
the Skeleton bones)
The different joint types allow different types of
movement
The skeleton provides a point of attachment for
muscles. When they contract they pull on the
bone to cause movement
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19 4

5
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15 8

14
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 Classification of Bones
Each bone is classified into 1 of 4 groups depending on their function.

.
LONG BONES 3 Co lum n s

SHORT BONES

Leav
e
for e 4 lines
FLAT BONES ach r
the t ow of
able.

IRREGULAR BONES

AO2- classify bones according to their function

 Classification of Bones
Each bone is classified into 1 of 4 groups depending on their function.

LONG BONES • Longer in length then they are wide.

• Act as levers in the body allowing us
to move

SHORT BONES • Box shaped (same length and width)

• Designed for strength, weight bearing
and absorbing shock

FLAT BONES • Flat, thin and curved

• Used for protection and give a large
surface area for muscle attachment

IRREGULAR BONES • All the other bones!

• Used for protection and muscle
attachment

AO2- classify bones according to their function​

 Classification of Bones
Each bone is classified into 1 of 4 groups depending on their function.

LONG BONES • Longer in length then they are wide.

• Act as levers in the body allowing us
Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Femur, Fibula,
Tibia, Phalanges, Metatarsals,
to move Metacarpals

SHORT BONES • Box shaped (same length and width)

• Designed for strength, weight bearing
Tarsals, Carpals

and absorbing shock

FLAT BONES • Flat, thin and curved

• Used for protection and give a large
Cranium, Sternum, Scapula, Ribs,
Pelvis, Talus, Sacrum, Jaw bone,
surface area for muscle attachment Clavicle

IRREGULAR BONES • All the other bones!

• Used for protection and muscle
Vertebrae, Patella

attachment

AO2- classify bones according to their function​

The Joints of the Body
AO1- know the names and locations of the major joints in the body

AO1- classify the joints and identify the articulating bones of the major
joints

AO2- explain the role of tendons and ligaments in the body

AO3- describe the movements possible at each joint and apply to

sporting performances
 • These can be found in the
elbow, knee and ankle.
• Hinge joints are like the
hinges on a door; and allow
you to move the elbow and
knee in only one direction.
• They allow flexion and
extension of a joint.
• At the ankle, different terms
are used. When the toes are
pointed downwards, it is
plantar flexion and when the
toes are pointed upwards it
is dorsiflexion.

HINGE JOINTS
 ELBOW

Humerus,
Radius, Ulna
FLEXION &
EXTENSION

Bicep Curl
 KNEE

Femur, Fibula,
Tibia, Patella
FLEXION &
EXTENSION

Kicking a football
 ANKLE

Tibia, Fibula,
Talus
PLANTAR-FLEXION:
bending of the foot to
point the toes
FLEXION &
EXTENSION DORSI-FLEXION: bending of
the foot to pull the toes
towards the shin

Pointing toes in Diving

 • These types of joint can be
found at the shoulder and
hip.
• They allow movement in
almost every direction.
• A ball and socket joint is
made up of a round end of
one bone that fits into a
small cup-like area of
another bone.

BALL & SOCKET JOINTS

 SHOULDER

Scapula, Clavicle,
Humerus
FLEXION &
EXTENSION.
ABDUCTION &
ADDUCTION.
ROTATION.

Bowling a ball in
Cricket
 HIP

Pelvis, Femur.

FLEXION &
EXTENSION.
ABDUCTION &
ADDUCTION.
ROTATION.

Breaststroke legs in
Swimming
Synovial = freely moveable
Synovial Joints Joint = a place where two or
more articulating bones meet

HINGE
BALL & SOCKET
Knee
Shoulder
Ankle
Hip
Elbow
 Attach muscle to bone.
Strong & elastic to
support movement.
TENDONS
A sac filled with liquid,
BURSAE floating inside the joint.
Reduces friction between
Tissue that stops tendon & bone.
synovial fluid from
escaping.
Encloses, supports A tough but flexible tissue
and holds the JOINT that acts as a buffer
bones together. CAPSULE CARTILAGE
between the bones.
Prevents bones rubbing
The lining together and causes
inside the joint SYNOVIAL friction.
capsule that MEMBRANE
secretes
SYNOVIAL A clear and
synovial fluid.
slippery liquid that
FLUID lubricates the joint
Attach bone to bone. & stops the bones
Keeps joints stable by rubbing together.
LIGAMENTS
restricting movement.
Joint Action & Movements
AO1- to name the movements possible at each joint

AO1- to define the movements

AO2- to identify where movements are used in sporting actions

 FLEXION EXTENSION
Decrease in the angle of bones at a joint Increase in the angle of bones at a joint

ABDUCTION ADDUCTION
Movement of a bone or limb away from the midline of Movement of a bone or limb towards the midline of
the body the body

PLANTAR FLEXION DORSI FLEXION

Movement at the ankle joint that points the toes and Movement at the ankle joint that flexes the foot
increases the angle at the ankle joint upwards and decreases the angle at the ankle joint

ROTATION
A circular movement around a joint/ a movement around an axis
 1

7
4

5
6
 Joints in Action
The elbow joint is a hinge joint. The
Joint Name articulating bones are the humerus,
Joint Classification radius and ulna. These are classified as
Articulating Bones long bones as they act as levers to
Bone Classifications provide movement. In the picture, the
Movement Used netballer is using flexion at the elbow to
put power behind her shot.

The ankle joint is

SKELETAL SYSTEM EXAM
QUESTIONS PRACTICE
The Muscular
System
Paper 1. Part 1: Applied Anatomy and
Physiology
 Rotator Cuff
Trapezius
Hip Flexor
Gluteal
Hamstrings
Bicep
Deltoid
Latissimus Dorsi
Quadricep
Tricep
Tibialis Anterior
Abdominals
Pectorals
Intercostals
Sternocleidomastoid
Gastrocnemius
 ROTATOR CUFF STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
TRICEP
BICEP

PECTORAL
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

ABDOMINALS
QUADRICEP
TIBIALIS
ANTERIOR HIP FLEXOR
 TRAPEZIUS
DELTOID

LATISSIMUS DORSI

GLUTEAL

HAMSTRINGS

GASTROCNEMIUS
MUSCLES & JOINTS
DELTOID- Abduction & Extension at
shoulder

PECTORALS- Adduction & Flexion at

shoulder

ROTATOR CUFF- Rotation at shoulder

and stabilises joint

TRAPEZIUS- elevates & depresses

scapula when breathing

LATISSIMUS DORSI- Extension at

shoulder

BICEPS- Flexion at elbow

TRICEPS- Extension at elbow

MUSCLES & JOINTS
BICEPS- Flexion at Elbow

TRICEPS- Extension at Elbow

MUSCLES & JOINTS
GLUTEALS- Extension at Hip

HIP FLEXORS- Flexion at Hip

ADDUCTORS- Adduction at Hip

HIP ABDUCTORS (Glute medius, Glute

minimus, TFL) - Abduction at Hip
MUSCLES & JOINTS
QUADRICEPS- Extension at Knee

HAMSTRINGS- Flexion at Knee

MUSCLES & JOINTS
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR- Dorsi-flexion at
Ankle

GASTROCNEMIUS- Plantar-flexion at
Ankle
 All muscles in the body are arranged in pairs
either side of a joint.

Muscles can only PULL, not PUSH.

ANTAGONIS
One muscle contracts to PULL, whilst the
TIC MUSCLE other relaxes.
PAIRS
PRIME MOVER/ AGONIST- the muscle that
contracts to create movement

ANTAGONIST- the muscle that relaxes to

allow movement to happen
FLEXION EXTENSION
ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLE PAIRS
BICEPS & TRICEPS FLEXION & EXTENSION @ ELBOW

HIP FLEXORS & GLUTEALS FLEXION & EXTENSION @ HIP

HAMSTRINGS & QUADRICEPS FLEXION & EXTENSION @ KNEE

DORSI FLEXION & PLANTAR

TIBIALIS ANTERIOR & GASTROCNEMIUS FLEXION @ ANKLE

FLEXION & EXTENSION ABDUCTION & ADDUCTION

DELTOID & LATISSIMUS DORSI @SHOULDER @SHOULDER (Pectorals adduction too)
 MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
ISOTONIC ISOMETRIC

WHEN THE MUSCLE CONTRACTS & CHANGES WHEN THE MUSCLE IS CONTRACTED BUT
LENGTH TO CAUSE LIMB MOVEMENT STAYS THE SAME LENGTH. THERE IS NO LIMB
MOVEMENT

CONCENTRIC: ECCENTRIC:
Muscle contracts & Muscle contracts &
shortens lengthens