-2 Construction of bending moment

agram by principle of superposition

r straight members

Theoretical basement of 
superposition principle ： B

A
The structure is linearly elastic
The deformation of the structure
O 
is very small
.1 superposition method of bending moments
for simple beams
MA q MB

M MB
MA

M

MA MB End couples

MB
MA
M
+ +
q q


M
M  M M
.2 superposition method segment by segment
P q

By employing the
A B
equilibrium equations ：
MA q MB
QA  YA0
NA NB
QB  YB0
QA QB

MA q MB the bending moment

diagrams of these two
cases must be identica
YA YB

M MB
MA

M
Therefore, for a segment of a member, the moment diagram may be
constructed as follows ：

Firstly, determine end moments at sections( A,B), take the end couples
MA and MB as ordinates, draw a straight dashed line which represent the
M diagram

Secondly, take the dashed line as the base line, superimpose the ordinates
(in the direction perpendicular to AB) of M 0 diagram
Example
P=8kN q=4 kN/m m=16kN.m
A B
C D E F G
1m 1m 2m 2m 1m 1m

R A  17 kN R B  7 kN

[Solution 1. Finding
] reaction
2. Determination of control sections:
A,D,F,G,B
G  23 M RG  7
L
MA  0 M D  26 M F  30 M
MB  0
 G  23 M RG  7
L
MA  0 M D  26 M F  30 M
MB  0
P=8kN q=4 kN/m m=16kN.m
A B
C D E F G
1m 1m 2m 2m 1m 1m

3. Constructing bending moments diagram segment by

segment
A C D E F G B
7
4
26 23
8 30
M图
（ kN.m ）
§3-4 The restraint force
calculation
and geometric construction of
statically
Main portion—determinate multispan
attached Subsidiary portion—
beams
to the foundation bysupported by the
supports to form a main portion
stable system
Multispan road bridge

Computing model of Multispan road bridge

 F2
F1

FF2 2

F1

Analyzing sequence ： first, calculating subsidiary

portion, then, computing main portion 。
The load on the main beam produces no reactions and
internal forces in the subsidiary portions.
load on the subsidiary portion produces reactions and
internal forces in the main portion.
§3-5 The construction of
internal force diagrams
of statically determinate
multispan
The internal forcebeams
calculation of a statically determinate
multispan beam is , in fact, the internal force computation
of its each individual single span beam

Example: To construct the internal force diagrams for the statically

determinate multispan beam
40k N 80k N·m 20k N/m

A B C D E F G H

2m 2m 2m 1m 2m 2m 1m 4m 2m
 40k N 80k N·m 20k N/m

A B C D E F G H

2m 2m 2m 1m 2m 2m 1m 4m 2m

1. Drawing construction relationship diagrams of members

50 40k N 40 20 40
80k N·m 20k N/m

C 20 40 F 10 G H
A B 2. 50
Analyzing each individual single span beam
80k N·m

20 40 20
40k N 20 20k N/m
40
20
C F G H
25 55 85
5
20 40
20
25 10
50
50
 40k N 80k N·m 20k N/m

A B C D E F G H
25 2m 2m 2m 1m 2m 2m 1m 4m 2m

5 55 85

40 20 40
50

20 40 10
50
M 图（ k N·m ）

40k N 20k N/m

25 5 55 85

25 35 40

15
20 45
Q 图（ k N ）